commit ce979dddb456ec62dec9c28cc309af98f9020988 Author: Chris Date: Thu May 1 15:49:18 2025 -0500 Initial checkin diff --git a/assets/image_1746131918468_0.png b/assets/image_1746131918468_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ec674b7 Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746131918468_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746131970050_0.png b/assets/image_1746131970050_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7637b6 Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746131970050_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132016477_0.png b/assets/image_1746132016477_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82679ab Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132016477_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132038698_0.png b/assets/image_1746132038698_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88702d2 Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132038698_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132073944_0.png b/assets/image_1746132073944_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d0b0f16 Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132073944_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132104060_0.png b/assets/image_1746132104060_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0987a6f Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132104060_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132112640_0.png b/assets/image_1746132112640_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0987a6f Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132112640_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132118494_0.png b/assets/image_1746132118494_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0987a6f Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132118494_0.png differ diff --git a/assets/image_1746132124439_0.png b/assets/image_1746132124439_0.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0987a6f Binary files /dev/null and b/assets/image_1746132124439_0.png differ diff --git a/journals/2025_05_01.md b/journals/2025_05_01.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09685e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/journals/2025_05_01.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +- **15:13** Created [[Extra Syllabus]] +- \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..09369b3 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E0A Safety: RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials; grounding + +- [[E0A01]] (B) +What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod? + - [[A.]] Prevent static build up on power lines + - [[B.]] Lightning charge dissipation + - [[C.]] Reduce RF current flow between pieces of equipment + - [[D.]] Protect breaker panel from power surges +-- +- [[E0A02]] (B) +When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor’s home, what must you do? + - [[A.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[B.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[C.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits + - [[D.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits +-- +- [[E0A03]] (C) +Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive? + - [[A.]] 300 kHz - 3 MHz + - [[B.]] 3 - 30 MHz + - [[C.]] 30 - 300 MHz + - [[D.]] 300 - 3000 MHz +-- +- [[E0A04]] (C) +When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations? + - [[A.]] Each transmitter that produces 20 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[B.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 25 percent + - [[C.]] Each transmitter that produces 5 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[D.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 50 percent +-- +- [[E0A05]] (B) +What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies? + - [[A.]] Microwaves are ionizing radiation + - [[B.]] The high gain antennas commonly used can result in high exposure levels + - [[C.]] Microwaves are in the frequency range where wave velocity is higher + - [[D.]] The extremely high frequency energy can damage the joints of antenna structures +-- +- [[E0A06]] (D) +Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz? + - [[A.]] The body reacts to electromagnetic radiation from both the E and H fields + - [[B.]] Ground reflections and scattering cause the field strength to vary with location + - [[C.]] E field and H field radiation intensity peaks can occur at different locations + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E0A07]] (B) +What is meant by “100% tie-off” regarding tower safety? + - [[A.]] All loose ropes and guys secured to a fixed structure + - [[B.]] At least one lanyard attached to the tower at all times + - [[C.]] All tools secured to the climber’s harness + - [[D.]] All circuit breakers feeding power to the tower must be tied closed with tape, cable, or ties +-- +- [[E0A08]] (C) +What does SAR measure? + - [[A.]] Signal attenuation ratio + - [[B.]] Signal amplification rating + - [[C.]] The rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the body + - [[D.]] The rate of RF energy reflected from stationary terrain +-- +- [[E0A09]] (C) +Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations? + - [[A.]] Transceivers with less than 7 watts of RF output + - [[B.]] Antennas that radiate only in the near field + - [[C.]] Hand-held transceivers sold before May 3, 2021 + - [[D.]] Dish antennas less than one meter in diameter +-- +- [[E0A10]] (A) +When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters? + - [[A.]] An evaluation must always be performed + - [[B.]] When the ERP of the station is less than 10 watts + - [[C.]] When the station’s operating mode is CW + - [[D.]] When the output power from the transmitter is less than 100 watts +-- +- [[E0A11]] (D) +To what should lanyards be attached while climbing? + - [[A.]] Antenna mast + - [[B.]] Guy brackets + - [[C.]] Tower rungs + - [[D.]] Tower legs +-- +- [[E0A12]] (A) +Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground? + - [[A.]] Above the climber’s head level + - [[B.]] To the belt of the fall-arrest harness + - [[C.]] Even with the climber's waist + - [[D.]] To the next lowes diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dad9f03 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E0A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E0A Safety: RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials; grounding + +- [[E0A01]] (B) +What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod? #card + - [[A.]] Prevent static build up on power lines + - [[B.]] Lightning charge dissipation + - [[C.]] Reduce RF current flow between pieces of equipment + - [[D.]] Protect breaker panel from power surges +-- +- [[E0A02]] (B) +When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor’s home, what must you do? #card + - [[A.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[B.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[C.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits + - [[D.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits +-- +- [[E0A03]] (C) +Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive? #card + - [[A.]] 300 kHz - 3 MHz + - [[B.]] 3 - 30 MHz + - [[C.]] 30 - 300 MHz + - [[D.]] 300 - 3000 MHz +-- +- [[E0A04]] (C) +When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations? #card + - [[A.]] Each transmitter that produces 20 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[B.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 25 percent + - [[C.]] Each transmitter that produces 5 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[D.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 50 percent +-- +- [[E0A05]] (B) +What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Microwaves are ionizing radiation + - [[B.]] The high gain antennas commonly used can result in high exposure levels + - [[C.]] Microwaves are in the frequency range where wave velocity is higher + - [[D.]] The extremely high frequency energy can damage the joints of antenna structures +-- +- [[E0A06]] (D) +Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] The body reacts to electromagnetic radiation from both the E and H fields + - [[B.]] Ground reflections and scattering cause the field strength to vary with location + - [[C.]] E field and H field radiation intensity peaks can occur at different locations + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E0A07]] (B) +What is meant by “100% tie-off” regarding tower safety? #card + - [[A.]] All loose ropes and guys secured to a fixed structure + - [[B.]] At least one lanyard attached to the tower at all times + - [[C.]] All tools secured to the climber’s harness + - [[D.]] All circuit breakers feeding power to the tower must be tied closed with tape, cable, or ties +-- +- [[E0A08]] (C) +What does SAR measure? #card + - [[A.]] Signal attenuation ratio + - [[B.]] Signal amplification rating + - [[C.]] The rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the body + - [[D.]] The rate of RF energy reflected from stationary terrain +-- +- [[E0A09]] (C) +Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations? #card + - [[A.]] Transceivers with less than 7 watts of RF output + - [[B.]] Antennas that radiate only in the near field + - [[C.]] Hand-held transceivers sold before May 3, 2021 + - [[D.]] Dish antennas less than one meter in diameter +-- +- [[E0A10]] (A) +When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters? + - [[A.]] An evaluation must always be performed + - [[B.]] When the ERP of the station is less than 10 watts + - [[C.]] When the station’s operating mode is CW + - [[D.]] When the output power from the transmitter is less than 100 watts +-- +- [[E0A11]] (D) +To what should lanyards be attached while climbing? #card + - [[A.]] Antenna mast + - [[B.]] Guy brackets + - [[C.]] Tower rungs + - [[D.]] Tower legs +-- +- [[E0A12]] (A) +Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground? #card + - [[A.]] Above the climber’s head level + - [[B.]] To the belt of the fall-arrest harness + - [[C.]] Even with the climber's waist + - [[D.]] To the next lowes diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1a3bf02 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1A Frequency privileges; signal frequency range; automatic message forwarding; stations aboard ships or aircraft; power restriction on 630- and 2200-meter bands + +- [[E1A01]] (D) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz? + - [[A.]] USB is not used on 20-meter phone + - [[B.]] The lower 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band + - [[C.]] 14.348 MHz is outside the 20-meter band + - [[D.]] The upper 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band +-- +- [[E1A02]] (D) [97.301, 97.305] +When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band? + - [[A.]] The exact lower band edge + - [[B.]] 300 Hz above the lower band edge + - [[C.]] 1 kHz above the lower band edge + - [[D.]] 3 kHz above the lower band edge +-- +- [[E1A03]] (C) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal? + - [[A.]] 14.0708 MHz + - [[B.]] 14.1002 MHz + - [[C.]] 14.1472 MHz + - [[D.]] 14.3490 MHz +-- +- [[E1A04]] (C) [97.301, 97.305] +May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone? + - [[A.]] Yes, the entire signal will be inside the SSB allocation for Extra class operators + - [[B.]] Yes, the displayed frequency is within the 75-meter phone band segment + - [[C.]] No, the sideband components will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment + - [[D.]] No, US stations are not permitted to use phone emissions below 3.610 MHz +-- +- [[E1A05]] (C) [97.5] +Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States? + - [[A.]] Only a person with an FCC Marine Radio license grant + - [[B.]] Only a person named in an amateur station license grant + - [[C.]] Any person holding an FCC issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation + - [[D.]] Any person named in an amateur station license grant or a person holding an unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit +-- +- [[E1A06]] (B) [97.303(h)(1)] +What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation? + - [[A.]] At the lowest frequency of the channel + - [[B.]] At the center frequency of the channel + - [[C.]] At the highest frequency of the channel + - [[D.]] On any frequency where the signal’s sidebands are within the channel +-- +- [[E1A07]] (C) [97.313(k)] +What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band? + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +-- +- [[E1A08]] (B) [97.219] +If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation? + - [[A.]] The control operator of the packet bulletin board station + - [[B.]] The control operator of the originating station + - [[C.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system + - [[D.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system not authenticating the source from which they accept communications +-- +- [[E1A09]] (D) [97.313(l)] +Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band? + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +-- +- [[E1A10]] (A) [97.11] +If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated? + - [[A.]] Its operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft + - [[B.]] The amateur station operator must agree not to transmit when the main radio of the ship or aircraft is in use + - [[C.]] The amateur station must have a power supply that is completely independent of the main ship or aircraft power supply + - [[D.]] The amateur station must operate only in specific segments of the amateur service HF and VHF bands +-- +- [[E1A11]] (B) [97.5] +What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters? + - [[A.]] Any amateur license with an FCC Marine or Aircraft endorsement + - [[B.]] Any FCC-issued amateur license + - [[C.]] Only General class or higher amateur licenses + - [[D.]] An unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.620Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.620Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9d49efd --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.620Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1A Frequency privileges; signal frequency range; automatic message forwarding; stations aboard ships or aircraft; power restriction on 630- and 2200-meter bands + +- [[E1A01]] (D) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] USB is not used on 20-meter phone + - [[B.]] The lower 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band + - [[C.]] 14.348 MHz is outside the 20-meter band + - [[D.]] The upper 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band +-- +- [[E1A02]] (D) [97.301, 97.305] +When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band? #card + - [[A.]] The exact lower band edge + - [[B.]] 300 Hz above the lower band edge + - [[C.]] 1 kHz above the lower band edge + - [[D.]] 3 kHz above the lower band edge +-- +- [[E1A03]] (C) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal? #card + - [[A.]] 14.0708 MHz + - [[B.]] 14.1002 MHz + - [[C.]] 14.1472 MHz + - [[D.]] 14.3490 MHz +-- +- [[E1A04]] (C) [97.301, 97.305] +May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone? #card + - [[A.]] Yes, the entire signal will be inside the SSB allocation for Extra class operators + - [[B.]] Yes, the displayed frequency is within the 75-meter phone band segment + - [[C.]] No, the sideband components will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment + - [[D.]] No, US stations are not permitted to use phone emissions below 3.610 MHz +-- +- [[E1A05]] (C) [97.5] +Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States? #card + - [[A.]] Only a person with an FCC Marine Radio license grant + - [[B.]] Only a person named in an amateur station license grant + - [[C.]] Any person holding an FCC issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation + - [[D.]] Any person named in an amateur station license grant or a person holding an unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit +-- +- [[E1A06]] (B) [97.303(h)(1)] +What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation? #card + - [[A.]] At the lowest frequency of the channel + - [[B.]] At the center frequency of the channel + - [[C.]] At the highest frequency of the channel + - [[D.]] On any frequency where the signal’s sidebands are within the channel +-- +- [[E1A07]] (C) [97.313(k)] +What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +-- +- [[E1A08]] (B) [97.219] +If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation? #card + - [[A.]] The control operator of the packet bulletin board station + - [[B.]] The control operator of the originating station + - [[C.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system + - [[D.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system not authenticating the source from which they accept communications +-- +- [[E1A09]] (D) [97.313(l)] +Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +-- +- [[E1A10]] (A) [97.11] +If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated? #card + - [[A.]] Its operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft + - [[B.]] The amateur station operator must agree not to transmit when the main radio of the ship or aircraft is in use + - [[C.]] The amateur station must have a power supply that is completely independent of the main ship or aircraft power supply + - [[D.]] The amateur station must operate only in specific segments of the amateur service HF and VHF bands +-- +- [[E1A11]] (B) [97.5] +What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur license with an FCC Marine or Aircraft endorsement + - [[B.]] Any FCC-issued amateur license + - [[C.]] Only General class or higher amateur licenses + - [[D.]] An unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6a0f7b --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1B Station restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating restrictions; spurious emissions; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations + +- [[E1B01]] (D) [97.3] +Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission? #card + - [[A.]] An amateur station transmission made without the proper call sign identification + - [[B.]] A signal transmitted to prevent its detection by any station other than the intended recipient + - [[C.]] Any transmitted signal that unintentionally interferes with another licensed radio station and whose levels exceed 40 dB below the fundamental power level + - [[D.]] An emission outside the signal’s necessary bandwidth that can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the information transmitted +-- +- [[E1B02]] (A) [97.307(f)(2)] +Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for digital voice or slow-scan TV transmissions made on the HF amateur bands? #card + - [[A.]] 3 kHz + - [[B.]] 10 kHz + - [[C.]] 15 kHz + - [[D.]] 20 kHz +-- +- [[E1B03]] (A) [97.13] +Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference? #card + - [[A.]] 1 mile + - [[B.]] 3 miles + - [[C.]] 10 miles + - [[D.]] 30 miles +-- +- [[E1B04]] (C) [97.303(b)] +What must the control operator of a repeater operating in the 70-centimeter band do if a radiolocation system experiences interference from that repeater? #card + - [[A.]] Reduce the repeater antenna HAAT (Height Above Average Terrain) + - [[B.]] File an FAA NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) with the repeater system's ERP, call sign, and six-character grid locator + - [[C.]] Cease operation or make changes to the repeater that mitigate the interference + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1B05]] (C) [97.3] +What is the National Radio Quiet Zone? #card + - [[A.]] An area surrounding the FCC monitoring station in Laurel, Maryland + - [[B.]] An area in New Mexico surrounding the White Sands Test Area + - [[C.]] An area surrounding the National Radio Astronomy Observatory + - [[D.]] An area in Florida surrounding Cape Canaveral +-- +- [[E1B06]] (A) [97.15] +Which of the following additional rules apply if you are erecting an amateur station antenna structure at a site at or near a public use airport? #card + - [[A.]] You may have to notify the Federal Aviation Administration and register it with the FCC as required by Part 17 of the FCC rules + - [[B.]] You may have to enter the height above ground in meters, and the latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds on the FAA website + - [[C.]] You must file an Environmental Impact Statement with the EPA before construction begins + - [[D.]] You must obtain a construction permit from the airport zoning authority per Part 119 of the FAA regulations +-- +- [[E1B07]] (C) [97.15] +To what type of regulations does PRB-1 apply? #card + - [[A.]] Homeowners associations + - [[B.]] FAA tower height limits + - [[C.]] State and local zoning + - [[D.]] Use of wireless devices in vehicles +-- +- [[E1B08]] (D) [97.121] +What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design? #card + - [[A.]] The amateur station must cease operation + - [[B.]] The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies below 30 MHz + - [[C.]] The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies above 30 MHz + - [[D.]] The amateur station must avoid transmitting during certain hours on frequencies that cause the interference +-- +- [[E1B09]] (C) [97.407] +Which amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules? #card + - [[A.]] Only those club stations licensed to Amateur Extra class operators + - [[B.]] Any FCC-licensed amateur station except a Technician class + - [[C.]] Any FCC-licensed amateur station certified by the responsible civil defense organization for the area served + - [[D.]] Only stations meeting the FCC Part 97 technical standards for operation during an emergency +-- +- [[E1B10]] (A) [97.407] +What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules? #card + - [[A.]] All amateur service frequencies authorized to the control operator + - [[B.]] Specific segments in the amateur service MF, HF, VHF, and UHF bands + - [[C.]] Specific local government channels + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1B11]] (B) [97.15] +What does PRB-1 require of state and local regulations affecting amateur radio antenna size and structures? #card + - [[A.]] No limitations may be placed on antenna size or placement + - [[B.]] Reasonable accommodations of amateur radio must be made + - [[C.]] Such structures must be permitted when use for emergency communications can be demonstrated + - [[D.]] Such structures must be permitted if certified by a registered professional engineer diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4af8768 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E1C Automatic and remote control; band-specific regulations; operating in and communicating with foreign countries; spurious emission standards; HF modulation index limit; band-specific rules + +- [[E1C01]] (D) [97.303] +What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters? #card + - [[A.]] 60 Hz + - [[B.]] 170 Hz + - [[C.]] 1.5 kHz + - [[D.]] 2.8 kHz +-- +- [[E1C02]] (C) [97.117] +Which of the following apply to communications transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries? #card + - [[A.]] Third party traffic must be limited to that intended for the exclusive use of government and non-Government Organization (NGOs) involved in emergency relief activities + - [[B.]] All transmissions must be in English + - [[C.]] Communications must be limited to those incidental to the purpose of the amateur service and remarks of a personal nature + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1C03]] (B) [97.303(g)] +How long must an operator wait after filing a notification with the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) before operating on the 2200-meter or 630-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] Operators must not operate until approval is received + - [[B.]] Operators may operate after 30 days, providing they have not been told that their station is within 1 kilometer of PLC systems using those frequencies + - [[C.]] Operators may not operate until a test signal has been transmitted in coordination with the local power company + - [[D.]] Operations may commence immediately, and may continue unless interference is reported by the UTC +-- +- [[E1C04]] (A) +What is an IARP? #card + - [[A.]] A permit that allows US amateurs to operate in certain countries of the Americas + - [[B.]] The internal amateur radio practices policy of the FCC + - [[C.]] An indication of increased antenna reflected power + - [[D.]] A forecast of intermittent aurora radio propagation +-- +- [[E1C05]] (B) [97.221(c)(1), 97.115(c)] +Under what situation may a station transmit third party communications while being automatically controlled? #card + - [[A.]] Never + - [[B.]] Only when transmitting RTTY or data emissions + - [[C.]] Only when transmitting SSB or CW + - [[D.]] On any mode approved by the National Telecommunication and Information Administration +-- +- [[E1C06]] (C) +Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted? #card + - [[A.]] You must identify in the official language of the country in which you are operating + - [[B.]] The US embassy must approve of your operation + - [[C.]] You must have a copy of FCC Public Notice DA 16-1048 + - [[D.]] You must append "/CEPT" to your call sign +-- +- [[E1C07]] (D) [97.303(g)] +What notifications must be given before transmitting on the 630- or 2200-meter bands? #card + - [[A.]] A special endorsement must be requested from the FCC + - [[B.]] An environmental impact statement must be filed with the Department of the Interior + - [[C.]] Operators must inform the FAA of their intent to operate, giving their call sign and distance to the nearest runway + - [[D.]] Operators must inform the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) of their call sign and coordinates of the station +-- +- [[E1C08]] (B) [97.213] +What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled station’s transmissions if its control link malfunctions? #card + - [[A.]] 30 seconds + - [[B.]] 3 minutes + - [[C.]] 5 minutes + - [[D.]] 10 minutes +-- +- [[E1C09]] (B) [97.307] +What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 + - [[B.]] 1.0 + - [[C.]] 2.0 + - [[D.]] 3.0 +-- +- [[E1C10]] (A) [97.307] +What is the maximum mean power level for a spurious emission below 30 MHz with respect to the fundamental emission? #card + - [[A.]] - 43 dB + - [[B.]] - 53 dB + - [[C.]] - 63 dB + - [[D.]] - 73 dB +-- +- [[E1C11]] (A) [97.5] +Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed US citizen to operate in many European countries, and amateurs from many European countries to operate in the US? #card + - [[A.]] CEPT + - [[B.]] IARP + - [[C.]] ITU reciprocal license + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1C12]] (D) [97.305(c)] +In what portion of the 630-meter band are phone emissions permitted? #card + - [[A.]] None + - [[B.]] Only the top 3 kHz + - [[C.]] Only the bottom 3 kHz + - [[D.]] The entire band diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0f67737 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E1D Amateur Space and Earth stations; telemetry and telecommand rules; identification of balloon transmissions; one-way communications + +- [[E1D01]] (A) [97.3] +What is the definition of telemetry? + - [[A.]] One-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument + - [[B.]] Two-way transmissions in excess of 1000 feet + - [[C.]] Two-way transmissions of data + - [[D.]] One-way transmission that initiates, modifies, or terminates the functions of a device at a distance +-- +- [[E1D02]] (B) [97.211(b)] +Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages? + - [[A.]] Telecommand signals to terrestrial repeaters + - [[B.]] Telecommand signals from a space telecommand station + - [[C.]] Auxiliary relay links carrying repeater audio + - [[D.]] Mesh network backbone nodes +-- +- [[E1D03]] (B) [97.3(a)(45)] +What is a space telecommand station? + - [[A.]] An amateur station located on the surface of the Earth for communication with other Earth stations by means of Earth satellites + - [[B.]] An amateur station that transmits communications to initiate, modify, or terminate functions of a space station + - [[C.]] An amateur station located in a satellite or a balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth + - [[D.]] An amateur station that receives telemetry from a satellite or balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth +-- +- [[E1D04]] (A) [97.119(a)] +Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station? + - [[A.]] Call sign + - [[B.]] The output power of the balloon transmitter + - [[C.]] The station's six-character Maidenhead grid locator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D05]] (D) [97.213(d)] +What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth’s surface? + - [[A.]] A photocopy of the station license + - [[B.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the station licensee + - [[C.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the control operator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D06]] (A) [97.215(c)] +What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand? + - [[A.]] 1 watt + - [[B.]] 2 watts + - [[C.]] 5 watts + - [[D.]] 100 watts +-- +- [[E1D07]] (A) [97.207] +Which of the following HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations? + - [[A.]] 40 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters + - [[B.]] 30 meters, 17 meters, and 10 meters + - [[C.]] Only 10 meters + - [[D.]] Satellite operation is permitted on all HF bands +-- +- [[E1D08]] (D) [97.207] +Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? + - [[A.]] 6 meters and 2 meters + - [[B.]] 6 meters, 2 meters, and 1.25 meters + - [[C.]] 2 meters and 1.25 meters + - [[D.]] 2 meters +-- +- [[E1D09]] (B) [97.207] +Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? + - [[A.]] 70 centimeters only + - [[B.]] 70 centimeters and 13 centimeters + - [[C.]] 70 centimeters and 33 centimeters + - [[D.]] 33 centimeters and 13 centimeters +-- +- [[E1D10]] (B) [97.211] +Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station? + - [[A.]] Any amateur station approved by AMSAT + - [[B.]] Any amateur station so designated by the space station licensee + - [[C.]] Any amateur station so designated by the ITU + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D11]] (D) [97.209] +Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations? + - [[A.]] Any amateur licensee who has successfully completed the AMSAT space communications course + - [[B.]] Only those of General, Advanced or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only those of Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Any amateur station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator +-- +- [[E1D12]] (A) [97.207(e), 97.203(g)] +Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications? + - [[A.]] A space station, beacon station, or telecommand station + - [[B.]] A local repeater or linked repeater station + - [[C.]] A message forwarding station or automatically controlled digital station + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4d5d410 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E1D Amateur Space and Earth stations; telemetry and telecommand rules; identification of balloon transmissions; one-way communications + +- [[E1D01]] (A) [97.3] +What is the definition of telemetry? #card + - [[A.]] One-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument + - [[B.]] Two-way transmissions in excess of 1000 feet + - [[C.]] Two-way transmissions of data + - [[D.]] One-way transmission that initiates, modifies, or terminates the functions of a device at a distance +-- +- [[E1D02]] (B) [97.211(b)] +Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages? #card + - [[A.]] Telecommand signals to terrestrial repeaters + - [[B.]] Telecommand signals from a space telecommand station + - [[C.]] Auxiliary relay links carrying repeater audio + - [[D.]] Mesh network backbone nodes +-- +- [[E1D03]] (B) [97.3(a)(45)] +What is a space telecommand station? #card + - [[A.]] An amateur station located on the surface of the Earth for communication with other Earth stations by means of Earth satellites + - [[B.]] An amateur station that transmits communications to initiate, modify, or terminate functions of a space station + - [[C.]] An amateur station located in a satellite or a balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth + - [[D.]] An amateur station that receives telemetry from a satellite or balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth +-- +- [[E1D04]] (A) [97.119(a)] +Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station? #card + - [[A.]] Call sign + - [[B.]] The output power of the balloon transmitter + - [[C.]] The station's six-character Maidenhead grid locator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D05]] (D) [97.213(d)] +What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth’s surface? #card + - [[A.]] A photocopy of the station license + - [[B.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the station licensee + - [[C.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the control operator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D06]] (A) [97.215(c)] +What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand? #card + - [[A.]] 1 watt + - [[B.]] 2 watts + - [[C.]] 5 watts + - [[D.]] 100 watts +-- +- [[E1D07]] (A) [97.207] +Which of the following HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 40 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters + - [[B.]] 30 meters, 17 meters, and 10 meters + - [[C.]] Only 10 meters + - [[D.]] Satellite operation is permitted on all HF bands +-- +- [[E1D08]] (D) [97.207] +Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 6 meters and 2 meters + - [[B.]] 6 meters, 2 meters, and 1.25 meters + - [[C.]] 2 meters and 1.25 meters + - [[D.]] 2 meters +-- +- [[E1D09]] (B) [97.207] +Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 70 centimeters only + - [[B.]] 70 centimeters and 13 centimeters + - [[C.]] 70 centimeters and 33 centimeters + - [[D.]] 33 centimeters and 13 centimeters +-- +- [[E1D10]] (B) [97.211] +Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur station approved by AMSAT + - [[B.]] Any amateur station so designated by the space station licensee + - [[C.]] Any amateur station so designated by the ITU + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1D11]] (D) [97.209] +Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur licensee who has successfully completed the AMSAT space communications course + - [[B.]] Only those of General, Advanced or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only those of Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Any amateur station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator +-- +- [[E1D12]] (A) [97.207(e), 97.203(g)] +Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications? #card + - [[A.]] A space station, beacon station, or telecommand station + - [[B.]] A local repeater or linked repeater station + - [[C.]] A message forwarding station or automatically controlled digital station + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3963d7b --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1E Volunteer examiner program: definitions; qualifications; preparation and administration of exams; reimbursement; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements + +- [[E1E01]] (A) [97.527] +For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed? + - [[A.]] Preparing, processing, administering, and coordinating an examination for an amateur radio operator license + - [[B.]] Teaching an amateur operator license examination preparation course + - [[C.]] No expenses are authorized for reimbursement + - [[D.]] Providing amateur operator license examination preparation training materials +-- +- [[E1E02]] (C) [97.523] +Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations? + - [[A.]] The VEs + - [[B.]] The FCC + - [[C.]] The VECs + - [[D.]] The ARRL +-- +- [[E1E03]] (C) [97.521] +What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator? + - [[A.]] A person who has volunteered to administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[B.]] An organization paid by the volunteer examiner team to publicize and schedule examinations + - [[C.]] An organization that has entered into an agreement with the FCC to coordinate, prepare, and administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[D.]] The person who has entered into an agreement with the FCC to be the VE session manager +-- +- [[E1E04]] (D) [97.509, 97.525] +What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner? + - [[A.]] Each General, Advanced and Amateur Extra class operator is automatically accredited as a VE when the license is granted + - [[B.]] The amateur operator applying must pass a VE examination administered by the FCC Enforcement Bureau + - [[C.]] The prospective VE must obtain accreditation from the FCC + - [[D.]] A VEC must confirm that the VE applicant meets FCC requirements to serve as an examiner +-- +- [[E1E05]] (B) [97.509(j)] +What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam? + - [[A.]] Maintain the application form with the VEC’s records + - [[B.]] Return the application document to the examinee + - [[C.]] Send the application form to the FCC and inform the FCC of the grade + - [[D.]] Destroy the application form +-- +- [[E1E06]] (C) [97.509] +Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session? + - [[A.]] The VEC coordinating the session + - [[B.]] The designated monitoring VE + - [[C.]] Each administering VE + - [[D.]] Only the VE session manager +-- +- [[E1E07]] (B) [97.509, 97.511] +What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner’s instructions during an amateur operator license examination? + - [[A.]] Warn the candidate that continued failure to comply will result in termination of the examination + - [[B.]] Immediately terminate the candidate’s examination + - [[C.]] Allow the candidate to complete the examination, but invalidate the results + - [[D.]] Immediately terminate everyone’s examination and close the session +-- +- [[E1E08]] (C) [97.509] +To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination? + - [[A.]] Employees of the VE + - [[B.]] Friends of the VE + - [[C.]] Relatives of the VE as listed in the FCC rules + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1E09]] (A) [97.509] +What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination? + - [[A.]] Revocation of the VE’s amateur station license grant and the suspension of the VE’s amateur operator license grant + - [[B.]] A fine of up to $1,000 per occurrence + - [[C.]] A sentence of up to one year in prison + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1E10]] (C) [97.509(m)] +What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license? + - [[A.]] They must collect and send the documents directly to the FCC + - [[B.]] They must collect and submit the documents to the coordinating VEC for grading + - [[C.]] They must submit the application document to the coordinating VEC according to the coordinating VEC instructions + - [[D.]] They must return the documents to the applicant for submission to the FCC according to the FCC instructions +-- +- [[E1E11]] (B) [97.509(i)] +What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license? + - [[A.]] Photocopy all examination documents and forward them to the FCC for processing + - [[B.]] Three VEs must certify that the examinee is qualified for the license grant and that they have complied with the administering VE requirements + - [[C.]] Issue the examinee the new or upgrade license + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..54d4058 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.618Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1E Volunteer examiner program: definitions; qualifications; preparation and administration of exams; reimbursement; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements + +- [[E1E01]] (A) [97.527] +For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed? #card + - [[A.]] Preparing, processing, administering, and coordinating an examination for an amateur radio operator license + - [[B.]] Teaching an amateur operator license examination preparation course + - [[C.]] No expenses are authorized for reimbursement + - [[D.]] Providing amateur operator license examination preparation training materials +-- +- [[E1E02]] (C) [97.523] +Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations? #card + - [[A.]] The VEs + - [[B.]] The FCC + - [[C.]] The VECs + - [[D.]] The ARRL +-- +- [[E1E03]] (C) [97.521] +What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator? #card + - [[A.]] A person who has volunteered to administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[B.]] An organization paid by the volunteer examiner team to publicize and schedule examinations + - [[C.]] An organization that has entered into an agreement with the FCC to coordinate, prepare, and administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[D.]] The person who has entered into an agreement with the FCC to be the VE session manager +-- +- [[E1E04]] (D) [97.509, 97.525] +What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner? #card + - [[A.]] Each General, Advanced and Amateur Extra class operator is automatically accredited as a VE when the license is granted + - [[B.]] The amateur operator applying must pass a VE examination administered by the FCC Enforcement Bureau + - [[C.]] The prospective VE must obtain accreditation from the FCC + - [[D.]] A VEC must confirm that the VE applicant meets FCC requirements to serve as an examiner +-- +- [[E1E05]] (B) [97.509(j)] +What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam? #card + - [[A.]] Maintain the application form with the VEC’s records + - [[B.]] Return the application document to the examinee + - [[C.]] Send the application form to the FCC and inform the FCC of the grade + - [[D.]] Destroy the application form +-- +- [[E1E06]] (C) [97.509] +Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session? #card + - [[A.]] The VEC coordinating the session + - [[B.]] The designated monitoring VE + - [[C.]] Each administering VE + - [[D.]] Only the VE session manager +-- +- [[E1E07]] (B) [97.509, 97.511] +What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner’s instructions during an amateur operator license examination? #card + - [[A.]] Warn the candidate that continued failure to comply will result in termination of the examination + - [[B.]] Immediately terminate the candidate’s examination + - [[C.]] Allow the candidate to complete the examination, but invalidate the results + - [[D.]] Immediately terminate everyone’s examination and close the session +-- +- [[E1E08]] (C) [97.509] +To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination? #card + - [[A.]] Employees of the VE + - [[B.]] Friends of the VE + - [[C.]] Relatives of the VE as listed in the FCC rules + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1E09]] (A) [97.509] +What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination? #card + - [[A.]] Revocation of the VE’s amateur station license grant and the suspension of the VE’s amateur operator license grant + - [[B.]] A fine of up to $1,000 per occurrence + - [[C.]] A sentence of up to one year in prison + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1E10]] (C) [97.509(m)] +What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license? #card + - [[A.]] They must collect and send the documents directly to the FCC + - [[B.]] They must collect and submit the documents to the coordinating VEC for grading + - [[C.]] They must submit the application document to the coordinating VEC according to the coordinating VEC instructions + - [[D.]] They must return the documents to the applicant for submission to the FCC according to the FCC instructions +-- +- [[E1E11]] (B) [97.509(i)] +What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license? #card + - [[A.]] Photocopy all examination documents and forward them to the FCC for processing + - [[B.]] Three VEs must certify that the examinee is qualified for the license grant and that they have complied with the administering VE requirements + - [[C.]] Issue the examinee the new or upgrade license + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.886Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.886Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..738ae72 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.886Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1F Miscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; prohibited communications; spread spectrum; auxiliary stations; Canadian amateurs operating in the US; special temporary authority + +- [[E1F01]] (B) [97.305] +On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted? + - [[A.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 50 MHz + - [[B.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 222 MHz + - [[C.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 420 MHz + - [[D.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 144 MHz +-- +- [[E1F02]] (C) [97.107] +What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada? + - [[A.]] None, they must obtain a US license + - [[B.]] Full privileges of the General class license on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands + - [[C.]] The operating terms and conditions of the Canadian amateur service license, not to exceed US Amateur Extra class license privileges + - [[D.]] Full privileges, up to and including those of the Amateur Extra class license, on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands +-- +- [[E1F03]] (D) [97.315] +Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification? + - [[A.]] Gain is less than 23 dB when driven by power of 10 watts or less + - [[B.]] The equipment dealer assembled it from a kit + - [[C.]] It was manufactured and certificated in a country which has a reciprocal certification agreement with the FCC + - [[D.]] The amplifier is constructed or modified by an amateur radio operator for use at an amateur station +-- +- [[E1F04]] (A) [97.3] +Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A"? + - [[A.]] A line roughly parallel to and south of the border between the US and Canada + - [[B.]] A line roughly parallel to and west of the US Atlantic coastline + - [[C.]] A line roughly parallel to and north of the border between the US and Mexico + - [[D.]] A line roughly parallel to and east of the US Pacific coastline +-- +- [[E1F05]] (D) [97.303] +Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A? + - [[A.]] 440 MHz - 450 MHz + - [[B.]] 53 MHz - 54 MHz + - [[C.]] 222 MHz - 223 MHz + - [[D.]] 420 MHz - 430 MHz +-- +- [[E1F06]] (A) [1.931] +Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station? + - [[A.]] To provide for experimental amateur communications + - [[B.]] To allow use of a special event call sign + - [[C.]] To allow a VE group with less than three VEs to administer examinations in a remote, sparsely populated area + - [[D.]] To allow a licensee who has passed an upgrade exam to operate with upgraded privileges while waiting for posting on the FCC database +-- +- [[E1F07]] (D) [97.113] +When may an amateur station send a message to a business? + - [[A.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $25 + - [[B.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $50 + - [[C.]] At no time + - [[D.]] When neither the amateur nor their employer has a pecuniary interest in the communications +-- +- [[E1F08]] (A) [97.113(c)] +Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited? + - [[A.]] Communications transmitted for hire or material compensation, except as otherwise provided in the rules + - [[B.]] Communications that have political content, except as allowed by the Fairness Doctrine + - [[C.]] Communications that have religious content + - [[D.]] Communications in a language other than English +-- +- [[E1F09]] (C) [FCC Part 97.113(a)(4)] +Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network? + - [[A.]] Third party traffic + - [[B.]] Email + - [[C.]] Messages encoded to obscure their meaning + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1F10]] (B) [97.201] +Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station? + - [[A.]] Any licensed amateur operator + - [[B.]] Only Technician, General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Only Amateur Extra class operators +-- +- [[E1F11]] (D) [97.317] +Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification? + - [[A.]] It must produce full legal output when driven by not more than 5 watts of mean RF input power + - [[B.]] It must have received an Underwriters Laboratory certification for electrical safety as well as having met IEEE standard 14.101(B) + - [[C.]] It must exhibit a gain of less than 23 dB when driven by 10 watts or less + - [[D.]] It must satisfy the FCC’s spurious emission standards when operated at the lesser of 1500 watts or its full output power diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..340f179 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E1F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E1F Miscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; prohibited communications; spread spectrum; auxiliary stations; Canadian amateurs operating in the US; special temporary authority + +- [[E1F01]] (B) [97.305] +On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted? #card + - [[A.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 50 MHz + - [[B.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 222 MHz + - [[C.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 420 MHz + - [[D.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 144 MHz +-- +- [[E1F02]] (C) [97.107] +What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada? #card + - [[A.]] None, they must obtain a US license + - [[B.]] Full privileges of the General class license on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands + - [[C.]] The operating terms and conditions of the Canadian amateur service license, not to exceed US Amateur Extra class license privileges + - [[D.]] Full privileges, up to and including those of the Amateur Extra class license, on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands +-- +- [[E1F03]] (D) [97.315] +Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification? #card + - [[A.]] Gain is less than 23 dB when driven by power of 10 watts or less + - [[B.]] The equipment dealer assembled it from a kit + - [[C.]] It was manufactured and certificated in a country which has a reciprocal certification agreement with the FCC + - [[D.]] The amplifier is constructed or modified by an amateur radio operator for use at an amateur station +-- +- [[E1F04]] (A) [97.3] +Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A"? #card + - [[A.]] A line roughly parallel to and south of the border between the US and Canada + - [[B.]] A line roughly parallel to and west of the US Atlantic coastline + - [[C.]] A line roughly parallel to and north of the border between the US and Mexico + - [[D.]] A line roughly parallel to and east of the US Pacific coastline +-- +- [[E1F05]] (D) [97.303] +Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A? #card + - [[A.]] 440 MHz - 450 MHz + - [[B.]] 53 MHz - 54 MHz + - [[C.]] 222 MHz - 223 MHz + - [[D.]] 420 MHz - 430 MHz +-- +- [[E1F06]] (A) [1.931] +Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station? #card + - [[A.]] To provide for experimental amateur communications + - [[B.]] To allow use of a special event call sign + - [[C.]] To allow a VE group with less than three VEs to administer examinations in a remote, sparsely populated area + - [[D.]] To allow a licensee who has passed an upgrade exam to operate with upgraded privileges while waiting for posting on the FCC database +-- +- [[E1F07]] (D) [97.113] +When may an amateur station send a message to a business? #card + - [[A.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $25 + - [[B.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $50 + - [[C.]] At no time + - [[D.]] When neither the amateur nor their employer has a pecuniary interest in the communications +-- +- [[E1F08]] (A) [97.113(c)] +Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited? #card + - [[A.]] Communications transmitted for hire or material compensation, except as otherwise provided in the rules + - [[B.]] Communications that have political content, except as allowed by the Fairness Doctrine + - [[C.]] Communications that have religious content + - [[D.]] Communications in a language other than English +-- +- [[E1F09]] (C) [FCC Part 97.113(a)(4)] +Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Third party traffic + - [[B.]] Email + - [[C.]] Messages encoded to obscure their meaning + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E1F10]] (B) [97.201] +Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station? #card + - [[A.]] Any licensed amateur operator + - [[B.]] Only Technician, General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Only Amateur Extra class operators +-- +- [[E1F11]] (D) [97.317] +Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification? #card + - [[A.]] It must produce full legal output when driven by not more than 5 watts of mean RF input power + - [[B.]] It must have received an Underwriters Laboratory certification for electrical safety as well as having met IEEE standard 14.101(B) + - [[C.]] It must exhibit a gain of less than 23 dB when driven by 10 watts or less + - [[D.]] It must satisfy the FCC’s spurious emission standards when operated at the lesser of 1500 watts or its full output power diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de67ac4 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.885Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E2A Amateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite hardware; satellite operations + +- [[E2A01]] (C) +What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite? + - [[A.]] From west to east + - [[B.]] From east to west + - [[C.]] From south to north + - [[D.]] From north to south +-- +- [[E2A02]] (D) +Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder? + - [[A.]] Doppler shift is reduced because the uplink and downlink shifts are in opposite directions + - [[B.]] Signal position in the band is reversed + - [[C.]] Upper sideband on the uplink becomes lower sideband on the downlink, and vice versa + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2A03]] (D) +How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder? + - [[A.]] The signal is detected and remodulated on the reverse sideband + - [[B.]] The signal is passed through a nonlinear filter + - [[C.]] The signal is reduced to I and Q components, and the Q component is filtered out + - [[D.]] The signal is mixed with a local oscillator signal and the difference product is transmitted +-- +- [[E2A04]] (B) +What is meant by the “mode” of an amateur radio satellite? + - [[A.]] Whether the satellite is in a low earth or geostationary orbit + - [[B.]] The satellite’s uplink and downlink frequency bands + - [[C.]] The satellite’s orientation with respect to the Earth + - [[D.]] Whether the satellite is in a polar or equatorial orbit +-- +- [[E2A05]] (D) +What do the letters in a satellite’s mode designator specify? + - [[A.]] Power limits for uplink and downlink transmissions + - [[B.]] The location of the ground control station + - [[C.]] The polarization of uplink and downlink signals + - [[D.]] The uplink and downlink frequency ranges +-- +- [[E2A06]] (A) +What are Keplerian elements? + - [[A.]] Parameters that define the orbit of a satellite + - [[B.]] Phase reversing elements in a Yagi antenna + - [[C.]] High-emission heater filaments used in magnetron tubes + - [[D.]] Encrypting codes used for spread spectrum modulation +-- +- [[E2A07]] (D) +Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder? + - [[A.]] FM and CW + - [[B.]] SSB and SSTV + - [[C.]] PSK and packet + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2A08]] (B) +Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder? + - [[A.]] To prevent creating errors in the satellite telemetry + - [[B.]] To avoid reducing the downlink power to all other users + - [[C.]] To prevent the satellite from emitting out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] To avoid interfering with terrestrial QSOs +-- +- [[E2A09]] (A) +What do the terms “L band” and “S band” specify? + - [[A.]] The 23- and 13-centimeter bands + - [[B.]] The 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands + - [[C.]] FM and digital store-and-forward systems + - [[D.]] Which sideband to use +-- +- [[E2A10]] (B) +What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky? + - [[A.]] HEO + - [[B.]] Geostationary + - [[C.]] Geomagnetic + - [[D.]] LEO +-- +- [[E2A11]] (B) +What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation? + - [[A.]] A linearly polarized antenna + - [[B.]] A circularly polarized antenna + - [[C.]] An isotropic antenna + - [[D.]] A log-periodic dipole array +-- +- [[E2A12]] (C) +What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite? + - [[A.]] To upload operational software for the transponder + - [[B.]] To delay download of telemetry between satellites + - [[C.]] To hold digital messages in the satellite for later download + - [[D.]] To relay messages between satellites +-- +- [[E2A13]] Question Deleted (section not renumbered) +~~ + + +E2B Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..148494d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E2A Amateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite hardware; satellite operations + +- [[E2A01]] (C) +What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite? #card + - [[A.]] From west to east + - [[B.]] From east to west + - [[C.]] From south to north + - [[D.]] From north to south +-- +- [[E2A02]] (D) +Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] Doppler shift is reduced because the uplink and downlink shifts are in opposite directions + - [[B.]] Signal position in the band is reversed + - [[C.]] Upper sideband on the uplink becomes lower sideband on the downlink, and vice versa + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2A03]] (D) +How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] The signal is detected and remodulated on the reverse sideband + - [[B.]] The signal is passed through a nonlinear filter + - [[C.]] The signal is reduced to I and Q components, and the Q component is filtered out + - [[D.]] The signal is mixed with a local oscillator signal and the difference product is transmitted +-- +- [[E2A04]] (B) +What is meant by the “mode” of an amateur radio satellite? #card + - [[A.]] Whether the satellite is in a low earth or geostationary orbit + - [[B.]] The satellite’s uplink and downlink frequency bands + - [[C.]] The satellite’s orientation with respect to the Earth + - [[D.]] Whether the satellite is in a polar or equatorial orbit +-- +- [[E2A05]] (D) +What do the letters in a satellite’s mode designator specify? #card + - [[A.]] Power limits for uplink and downlink transmissions + - [[B.]] The location of the ground control station + - [[C.]] The polarization of uplink and downlink signals + - [[D.]] The uplink and downlink frequency ranges +-- +- [[E2A06]] (A) +What are Keplerian elements? #card + - [[A.]] Parameters that define the orbit of a satellite + - [[B.]] Phase reversing elements in a Yagi antenna + - [[C.]] High-emission heater filaments used in magnetron tubes + - [[D.]] Encrypting codes used for spread spectrum modulation +-- +- [[E2A07]] (D) +Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] FM and CW + - [[B.]] SSB and SSTV + - [[C.]] PSK and packet + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2A08]] (B) +Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] To prevent creating errors in the satellite telemetry + - [[B.]] To avoid reducing the downlink power to all other users + - [[C.]] To prevent the satellite from emitting out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] To avoid interfering with terrestrial QSOs +-- +- [[E2A09]] (A) +What do the terms “L band” and “S band” specify? #card + - [[A.]] The 23- and 13-centimeter bands + - [[B.]] The 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands + - [[C.]] FM and digital store-and-forward systems + - [[D.]] Which sideband to use +-- +- [[E2A10]] (B) +What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky? #card + - [[A.]] HEO + - [[B.]] Geostationary + - [[C.]] Geomagnetic + - [[D.]] LEO +-- +- [[E2A11]] (B) +What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation? #card + - [[A.]] A linearly polarized antenna + - [[B.]] A circularly polarized antenna + - [[C.]] An isotropic antenna + - [[D.]] A log-periodic dipole array +-- +- [[E2A12]] (C) +What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite? #card + - [[A.]] To upload operational software for the transponder + - [[B.]] To delay download of telemetry between satellites + - [[C.]] To hold digital messages in the satellite for later download + - [[D.]] To relay messages between satellites +-- +- [[E2A13]] Question Deleted (section not renumbered) +~~ + + +E2B Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67a9e93 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E2B Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + +- [[E2B01]] (A) +In digital television, what does a coding rate of 3/4 mean? #card + - [[A.]] 25% of the data sent is forward error correction data + - [[B.]] Data compression reduces data rate by 3/4 + - [[C.]] 1/4 of the time interval is used as a guard interval + - [[D.]] Three, four-bit words are used to transmit each pixel +-- +- [[E2B02]] (C) +How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame? #card + - [[A.]] 30 + - [[B.]] 60 + - [[C.]] 525 + - [[D.]] 1080 +-- +- [[E2B03]] (D) +How is an interlaced scanning pattern generated in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system? #card + - [[A.]] By scanning two fields simultaneously + - [[B.]] By scanning each field from bottom-to-top + - [[C.]] By scanning lines from left-to-right in one field and right-to-left in the next + - [[D.]] By scanning odd-numbered lines in one field and even-numbered lines in the next +-- +- [[E2B04]] (A) +How is color information sent in analog SSTV? #card + - [[A.]] Color lines are sent sequentially + - [[B.]] Color information is sent on a 2.8 kHz subcarrier + - [[C.]] Color is sent in a color burst at the end of each line + - [[D.]] Color is amplitude modulated on the frequency modulated intensity signal +-- +- [[E2B05]] (C) +Which of the following describes the use of vestigial sideband in analog fast-scan TV transmissions? #card + - [[A.]] The vestigial sideband carries the audio information + - [[B.]] The vestigial sideband contains chroma information + - [[C.]] Vestigial sideband reduces the bandwidth while increasing the fidelity of low frequency video components + - [[D.]] Vestigial sideband provides high frequency emphasis to sharpen the picture +-- +- [[E2B06]] (A) +What is vestigial sideband modulation? #card + - [[A.]] Amplitude modulation in which one complete sideband and a portion of the other are transmitted + - [[B.]] A type of modulation in which one sideband is inverted + - [[C.]] Narrow-band FM modulation achieved by filtering one sideband from the audio before frequency modulating the carrier + - [[D.]] Spread spectrum modulation achieved by applying FM modulation following single sideband amplitude modulation +-- +- [[E2B07]] (B) +Which types of modulation are used for amateur television DVB-T signals? #card + - [[A.]] FM and FSK + - [[B.]] QAM and QPSK + - [[C.]] AM and OOK + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2B08]] (A) +What technique allows commercial analog TV receivers to be used for fast-scan TV operations on the 70-centimeter band? #card + - [[A.]] Transmitting on channels shared with cable TV + - [[B.]] Using converted satellite TV dishes + - [[C.]] Transmitting on the abandoned TV channel 2 + - [[D.]] Using USB and demodulating the signal with a computer sound card +-- +- [[E2B09]] (D) +What kind of receiver can be used to receive and decode SSTV using the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) protocol? #card + - [[A.]] CDMA + - [[B.]] AREDN + - [[C.]] AM + - [[D.]] SSB +-- +- [[E2B10]] (A) +What aspect of an analog slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture? #card + - [[A.]] Tone frequency + - [[B.]] Tone amplitude + - [[C.]] Sync amplitude + - [[D.]] Sync frequency +-- +- [[E2B11]] (B) +What is the function of the vertical interval signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission? #card + - [[A.]] To lock the color burst oscillator in color SSTV images + - [[B.]] To identify the SSTV mode being used + - [[C.]] To provide vertical synchronization + - [[D.]] To identify the call sign of the station transmitting +-- +- [[E2B12]] (A) +What signals SSTV receiving software to begin a new picture line? #card + - [[A.]] Specific tone frequencies + - [[B.]] Elapsed time + - [[C.]] Specific tone amplitudes + - [[D.]] A two-tone signal diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..582df1a --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E2C Contest and DX operating; remote operation techniques; log data format; contact confirmation; RF network systems + +- [[E2C01]] (D) +What indicator is required to be used by US-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control and the remote transmitter is located in the US? #card + - [[A.]] / followed by the USPS two-letter abbreviation for the state in which the remote station is located + - [[B.]] /R# where # is the district of the remote station + - [[C.]] / followed by the ARRL Section of the remote station + - [[D.]] No additional indicator is required +-- +- [[E2C02]] (C) +Which of the following file formats is used for exchanging amateur radio log data? #card + - [[A.]] NEC + - [[B.]] ARLD + - [[C.]] ADIF + - [[D.]] OCF +-- +- [[E2C03]] (A) +From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded? #card + - [[A.]] 30 meters + - [[B.]] 6 meters + - [[C.]] 70 centimeters + - [[D.]] 33 centimeters +-- +- [[E2C04]] (B) +Which of the following frequencies can be used for amateur radio mesh networks? #card + - [[A.]] HF frequencies where digital communications are permitted + - [[B.]] Frequencies shared with various unlicensed wireless data services + - [[C.]] Cable TV channels 41-43 + - [[D.]] The 60-meter band channel centered on 5373 kHz +-- +- [[E2C05]] (B) +What is the function of a DX QSL Manager? #card + - [[A.]] Allocate frequencies for DXpeditions + - [[B.]] Handle the receiving and sending of confirmations for a DX station + - [[C.]] Run a net to allow many stations to contact a rare DX station + - [[D.]] Communicate to a DXpedition about propagation, band openings, pileup conditions, etc. +-- +- [[E2C06]] (C) +During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of SSB or CW activity? #card + - [[A.]] At the top of each band, usually in a segment reserved for contests + - [[B.]] In the middle of each band, usually on the national calling frequency + - [[C.]] In the weak signal segment of the band, with most of the activity near the calling frequency + - [[D.]] In the middle of the band, usually 25 kHz above the national calling frequency +-- +- [[E2C07]] (A) +What is the Cabrillo format? #card + - [[A.]] A standard for submission of electronic contest logs + - [[B.]] A method of exchanging information during a contest QSO + - [[C.]] The most common set of contest rules + - [[D.]] A digital protocol specifically designed for rapid contest exchanges +-- +- [[E2C08]] (D) +Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the Logbook of The World (LoTW)? #card + - [[A.]] Special event contacts between stations in the US + - [[B.]] Contacts between a US station and a non-US station + - [[C.]] Contacts for Worked All States credit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2C09]] (C) +What type of equipment is commonly used to implement an amateur radio mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] A 2-meter VHF transceiver with a 1,200-baud modem + - [[B.]] A computer running EchoLink to provide interface from the radio to the internet + - [[C.]] A wireless router running custom firmware + - [[D.]] A 440 MHz transceiver with a 9,600-baud modem +-- +- [[E2C10]] (D) +Why do DX stations often transmit and receive on different frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Because the DX station may be transmitting on a frequency that is prohibited to some responding stations + - [[B.]] To separate the calling stations from the DX station + - [[C.]] To improve operating efficiency by reducing interference + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2C11]] (A) +How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup? #card + - [[A.]] Send your full call sign once or twice + - [[B.]] Send only the last two letters of your call sign until you make contact + - [[C.]] Send your full call sign and grid square + - [[D.]] Send the call sign of the DX station three times, the words “this is,” then your call sign three times +-- +- [[E2C12]] (C) +What indicates the delay between a control operator action and the corresponding change in the transmitted signal? #card + - [[A.]] Jitter + - [[B.]] Hang time + - [[C.]] Latency + - [[D.]] Anti-VOX diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cda7da --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.888Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E2D Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for VHF and UHF; APRS; EME procedures; meteor scatter procedures + +- [[E2D01]] (B) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications? + - [[A.]] WSPR + - [[B.]] MSK144 + - [[C.]] Hellschreiber + - [[D.]] APRS +-- +- [[E2D02]] (D) +What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest? + - [[A.]] RST report + - [[B.]] State abbreviation + - [[C.]] Serial number + - [[D.]] Grid square +-- +- [[E2D03]] (D) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications? + - [[A.]] MSK144 + - [[B.]] PACTOR III + - [[C.]] WSPR + - [[D.]] Q65 +-- +- [[E2D04]] (C) +What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters? + - [[A.]] FT8 + - [[B.]] Bandwidth compressed LORAN + - [[C.]] APRS + - [[D.]] PACTOR III +-- +- [[E2D05]] (B) +What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode? + - [[A.]] Uses only a 65 Hz bandwidth + - [[B.]] Decodes signals with a very low signal-to-noise ratio + - [[C.]] Symbol rate is 65 baud + - [[D.]] Permits fast-scan TV transmissions over narrow bandwidth +-- +- [[E2D06]] (A) +Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts? + - [[A.]] Time-synchronous transmissions alternating between stations + - [[B.]] Storing and forwarding digital messages + - [[C.]] Judging optimum transmission times by monitoring beacons reflected from the moon + - [[D.]] High-speed CW identification to avoid fading +-- +- [[E2D07]] (C) +What digital protocol is used by APRS? + - [[A.]] PACTOR + - [[B.]] QAM + - [[C.]] AX.25 + - [[D.]] AMTOR +-- +- [[E2D08]] (C) +What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data? + - [[A.]] Acknowledgement + - [[B.]] Burst + - [[C.]] Unnumbered Information + - [[D.]] Connect +-- +- [[E2D09]] (A) +What type of modulation is used by JT65? + - [[A.]] Multitone AFSK + - [[B.]] PSK + - [[C.]] RTTY + - [[D.]] QAM +-- +- [[E2D10]] (C) +What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate? + - [[A.]] Three stations are allowed on frequency, one transmitting at a time + - [[B.]] Three subcarriers are permitted, subcarrier one is being used + - [[C.]] Three digipeater hops are requested with one remaining + - [[D.]] Three internet gateway stations may receive one transmission +-- +- [[E2D11]] (D) +How do APRS stations relay data? + - [[A.]] By packet ACK/NAK relay + - [[B.]] By C4FM repeaters + - [[C.]] By DMR repeaters + - [[D.]] By packet digipeaters diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e05a884 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.615Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E2D Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for VHF and UHF; APRS; EME procedures; meteor scatter procedures + +- [[E2D01]] (B) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications? #card + - [[A.]] WSPR + - [[B.]] MSK144 + - [[C.]] Hellschreiber + - [[D.]] APRS +-- +- [[E2D02]] (D) +What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest? #card + - [[A.]] RST report + - [[B.]] State abbreviation + - [[C.]] Serial number + - [[D.]] Grid square +-- +- [[E2D03]] (D) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications? #card + - [[A.]] MSK144 + - [[B.]] PACTOR III + - [[C.]] WSPR + - [[D.]] Q65 +-- +- [[E2D04]] (C) +What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters? #card + - [[A.]] FT8 + - [[B.]] Bandwidth compressed LORAN + - [[C.]] APRS + - [[D.]] PACTOR III +-- +- [[E2D05]] (B) +What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode? #card + - [[A.]] Uses only a 65 Hz bandwidth + - [[B.]] Decodes signals with a very low signal-to-noise ratio + - [[C.]] Symbol rate is 65 baud + - [[D.]] Permits fast-scan TV transmissions over narrow bandwidth +-- +- [[E2D06]] (A) +Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts? #card + - [[A.]] Time-synchronous transmissions alternating between stations + - [[B.]] Storing and forwarding digital messages + - [[C.]] Judging optimum transmission times by monitoring beacons reflected from the moon + - [[D.]] High-speed CW identification to avoid fading +-- +- [[E2D07]] (C) +What digital protocol is used by APRS? #card + - [[A.]] PACTOR + - [[B.]] QAM + - [[C.]] AX.25 + - [[D.]] AMTOR +-- +- [[E2D08]] (C) +What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data? #card + - [[A.]] Acknowledgement + - [[B.]] Burst + - [[C.]] Unnumbered Information + - [[D.]] Connect +-- +- [[E2D09]] (A) +What type of modulation is used by JT65? #card + - [[A.]] Multitone AFSK + - [[B.]] PSK + - [[C.]] RTTY + - [[D.]] QAM +-- +- [[E2D10]] (C) +What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate? #card + - [[A.]] Three stations are allowed on frequency, one transmitting at a time + - [[B.]] Three subcarriers are permitted, subcarrier one is being used + - [[C.]] Three digipeater hops are requested with one remaining + - [[D.]] Three internet gateway stations may receive one transmission +-- +- [[E2D11]] (D) +How do APRS stations relay data? #card + - [[A.]] By packet ACK/NAK relay + - [[B.]] By C4FM repeaters + - [[C.]] By DMR repeaters + - [[D.]] By packet digipeaters diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E2E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E2E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fec36e7 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E2E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.614Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E2E Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for HF + +- [[E2E01]] (B) +Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] DTMF tones modulating an FM signal + - [[B.]] FSK + - [[C.]] Pulse modulation + - [[D.]] Spread spectrum +-- +- [[E2E02]] (B) +Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing? #card + - [[A.]] Alignment of frequency shifts + - [[B.]] Synchronization of computer clocks + - [[C.]] Sync-field transmission + - [[D.]] Sync-pulse timing +-- +- [[E2E03]] (B) +To what does the "4" in FT4 refer? #card + - [[A.]] Multiples of 4 bits of user information + - [[B.]] Four-tone continuous-phase frequency shift keying + - [[C.]] Four transmit/receive cycles per minute + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2E04]] (D) +Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode? #card + - [[A.]] Four-tone Gaussian frequency shift keying + - [[B.]] Variable transmit/receive periods + - [[C.]] Seven different tone spacings + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2E05]] (A) +Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation? #card + - [[A.]] WSPR + - [[B.]] RTTY + - [[C.]] PSK31 + - [[D.]] MFSK16 +-- +- [[E2E06]] (C) +What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle? #card + - [[A.]] It varies with the amount of data + - [[B.]] 8 seconds + - [[C.]] 15 seconds + - [[D.]] 30 seconds +-- +- [[E2E07]] (C) +How does Q65 differ from JT65? #card + - [[A.]] Keyboard-to keyboard operation is supported + - [[B.]] Quadrature modulation is used + - [[C.]] Multiple receive cycles are averaged + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2E08]] (B) +Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files? #card + - [[A.]] PSK31 + - [[B.]] PACTOR + - [[C.]] RTTY + - [[D.]] AMTOR +-- +- [[E2E09]] (D) +Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding? #card + - [[A.]] RTTY + - [[B.]] PACTOR + - [[C.]] MT63 + - [[D.]] PSK31 +-- +- [[E2E10]] (C) +Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth? #card + - [[A.]] MFSK16 + - [[B.]] 170 Hz shift, 45-baud RTTY + - [[C.]] FT8 + - [[D.]] PACTOR IV +-- +- [[E2E11]] (A) +What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK? #card + - [[A.]] Direct FSK modulates the transmitter VFO + - [[B.]] Direct FSK occupies less bandwidth + - [[C.]] Direct FSK can transmit higher baud rates + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E2E12]] (A) +How do ALE stations establish contact? #card + - [[A.]] ALE constantly scans a list of frequencies, activating the radio when the designated call sign is received + - [[B.]] ALE radios monitor an internet site for the frequency they are being paged on + - [[C.]] ALE radios send a constant tone code to establish a frequency for future use + - [[D.]] ALE radios activate when they hear their signal echoed by back scatter +-- +- [[E2E13]] (D) +Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions? #card + - [[A.]] MFSK16 + - [[B.]] 170 Hz shift, 45 baud RTTY + - [[C.]] FT8 + - [[D.]] PACTOR IV diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c051a5d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E3A Electromagnetic Waves and Specialized Propagation: Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communications; meteor scatter; microwave tropospheric and scatter propagation; auroral propagation; daily variation of ionospheric propagation; circular polarization + +- [[E3A01]] (D) +What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME? + - [[A.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at apogee + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[D.]] 12,000 miles, if the moon is “visible” by both stations +-- +- [[E3A02]] (B) +What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal? + - [[A.]] A slow change in the pitch of the CW signal + - [[B.]] A fluttery, irregular fading + - [[C.]] A gradual loss of signal as the sun rises + - [[D.]] The returning echo is several hertz lower in frequency than the transmitted signal +-- +- [[E3A03]] (A) +When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss? + - [[A.]] When the Moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] When the Moon is full + - [[C.]] When the Moon is at apogee + - [[D.]] When the MUF is above 30 MHz +-- +- [[E3A04]] (D) +In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel? + - [[A.]] It depends on the phase angle of the magnetic field + - [[B.]] It travels parallel to the electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] It depends on the phase angle of the electric field + - [[D.]] It travels at a right angle to the electric and magnetic fields +-- +- [[E3A05]] (C) +How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented? + - [[A.]] They are parallel + - [[B.]] They are tangential + - [[C.]] They are at right angles + - [[D.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E3A06]] (B) +What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness? + - [[A.]] Switch to a higher frequency HF band + - [[B.]] Switch to a lower frequency HF band + - [[C.]] Change to an antenna with a higher takeoff angle + - [[D.]] Change to an antenna with greater beam width +-- +- [[E3A07]] (C) +Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature? + - [[A.]] Mountain ranges + - [[B.]] Stratocumulus clouds + - [[C.]] Large bodies of water + - [[D.]] Nimbus clouds +-- +- [[E3A08]] (A) +When a meteor strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere? + - [[A.]] The E region + - [[B.]] The F1 region + - [[C.]] The F2 region + - [[D.]] The D region +-- +- [[E3A09]] (C) +Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications? + - [[A.]] 1.8 MHz - 1.9 MHz + - [[B.]] 10 MHz - 14 MHz + - [[C.]] 28 MHz - 148 MHz + - [[D.]] 220 MHz - 450 MHz +-- +- [[E3A10]] (D) +What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium? + - [[A.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] Evanescence + - [[C.]] Birefringence + - [[D.]] The index of refraction +-- +- [[E3A11]] (B) +What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals? + - [[A.]] 10 miles to 50 miles + - [[B.]] 100 miles to 300 miles + - [[C.]] 1,200 miles + - [[D.]] 2,500 miles +-- +- [[E3A12]] (C) +What is most likely to result in auroral propagation? + - [[A.]] Meteor showers + - [[B.]] Quiet geomagnetic conditions + - [[C.]] Severe geomagnetic storms + - [[D.]] Extreme low-pressure areas in polar regions +-- +- [[E3A13]] (A) +Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation? + - [[A.]] CW + - [[B.]] SSB + - [[C.]] FM + - [[D.]] RTTY +-- +- [[E3A14]] (B) +What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves? + - [[A.]] Waves with an electric field bent into a circular shape + - [[B.]] Waves with rotating electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] Waves that circle Earth + - [[D.]] Waves produced by a loop antenna diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..89be7c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E3A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E3A Electromagnetic Waves and Specialized Propagation: Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communications; meteor scatter; microwave tropospheric and scatter propagation; auroral propagation; daily variation of ionospheric propagation; circular polarization + +- [[E3A01]] (D) +What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME? #card + - [[A.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at apogee + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[D.]] 12,000 miles, if the moon is “visible” by both stations +-- +- [[E3A02]] (B) +What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal? #card + - [[A.]] A slow change in the pitch of the CW signal + - [[B.]] A fluttery, irregular fading + - [[C.]] A gradual loss of signal as the sun rises + - [[D.]] The returning echo is several hertz lower in frequency than the transmitted signal +-- +- [[E3A03]] (A) +When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss? #card + - [[A.]] When the Moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] When the Moon is full + - [[C.]] When the Moon is at apogee + - [[D.]] When the MUF is above 30 MHz +-- +- [[E3A04]] (D) +In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel? #card + - [[A.]] It depends on the phase angle of the magnetic field + - [[B.]] It travels parallel to the electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] It depends on the phase angle of the electric field + - [[D.]] It travels at a right angle to the electric and magnetic fields +-- +- [[E3A05]] (C) +How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented? #card + - [[A.]] They are parallel + - [[B.]] They are tangential + - [[C.]] They are at right angles + - [[D.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E3A06]] (B) +What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness? #card + - [[A.]] Switch to a higher frequency HF band + - [[B.]] Switch to a lower frequency HF band + - [[C.]] Change to an antenna with a higher takeoff angle + - [[D.]] Change to an antenna with greater beam width +-- +- [[E3A07]] (C) +Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature? #card + - [[A.]] Mountain ranges + - [[B.]] Stratocumulus clouds + - [[C.]] Large bodies of water + - [[D.]] Nimbus clouds +-- +- [[E3A08]] (A) +When a meteor strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere? #card + - [[A.]] The E region + - [[B.]] The F1 region + - [[C.]] The F2 region + - [[D.]] The D region +-- +- [[E3A09]] (C) +Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications? #card + - [[A.]] 1.8 MHz - 1.9 MHz + - [[B.]] 10 MHz - 14 MHz + - [[C.]] 28 MHz - 148 MHz + - [[D.]] 220 MHz - 450 MHz +-- +- [[E3A10]] (D) +What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] Evanescence + - [[C.]] Birefringence + - [[D.]] The index of refraction +-- +- [[E3A11]] (B) +What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals? #card + - [[A.]] 10 miles to 50 miles + - [[B.]] 100 miles to 300 miles + - [[C.]] 1,200 miles + - [[D.]] 2,500 miles +-- +- [[E3A12]] (C) +What is most likely to result in auroral propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Meteor showers + - [[B.]] Quiet geomagnetic conditions + - [[C.]] Severe geomagnetic storms + - [[D.]] Extreme low-pressure areas in polar regions +-- +- [[E3A13]] (A) +Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation? #card + - [[A.]] CW + - [[B.]] SSB + - [[C.]] FM + - [[D.]] RTTY +-- +- [[E3A14]] (B) +What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves? #card + - [[A.]] Waves with an electric field bent into a circular shape + - [[B.]] Waves with rotating electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] Waves that circle Earth + - [[D.]] Waves produced by a loop antenna diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8baf230 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.887Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E3B Transequatorial propagation; long-path propagation; ordinary and extraordinary waves; chordal hop; sporadic-E mechanisms; ground-wave propagation + +- [[E3B01]] (A) +Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur? + - [[A.]] Between points separated by 2,000 miles to 3,000 miles over a path perpendicular to the geomagnetic equator + - [[B.]] Between points located 1,500 miles to 2,000 miles apart on the geomagnetic equator + - [[C.]] Between points located at each other’s antipode + - [[D.]] Through the region where the terminator crosses the geographic equator +-- +- [[E3B02]] (C) +What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation? + - [[A.]] 1,000 miles + - [[B.]] 2,500 miles + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles + - [[D.]] 7,500 miles +-- +- [[E3B03]] (C) +At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur? + - [[A.]] Morning + - [[B.]] Noon + - [[C.]] Afternoon or early evening + - [[D.]] Late at night +-- +- [[E3B04]] (B) +What are “extraordinary” and “ordinary” waves? + - [[A.]] Extraordinary waves exhibit rare long-skip propagation, compared to ordinary waves, which travel shorter distances + - [[B.]] Independently propagating, elliptically polarized waves created in the ionosphere + - [[C.]] Long-path and short-path waves + - [[D.]] Refracted rays and reflected waves +-- +- [[E3B05]] (D) +Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters? + - [[A.]] A path entirely in sunlight + - [[B.]] Paths at high latitudes + - [[C.]] A direct north-south path + - [[D.]] A path entirely in darkness +-- +- [[E3B06]] (B) +On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent? + - [[A.]] 160 meters and 80 meters + - [[B.]] 40 meters and 20 meters + - [[C.]] 10 meters and 6 meters + - [[D.]] 6 meters and 2 meters +-- +- [[E3B07]] (C) +What effect does lowering a signal’s transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation? + - [[A.]] Faraday rotation becomes stronger + - [[B.]] The MUF decreases + - [[C.]] The distance covered by each hop increases + - [[D.]] The critical frequency increases +-- +- [[E3B08]] (C) +How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased? + - [[A.]] It stays the same + - [[B.]] It increases + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It peaks at roughly 8 MHz +-- +- [[E3B09]] (A) +At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? + - [[A.]] Around the solstices, especially the summer solstice + - [[B.]] Around the solstices, especially the winter solstice + - [[C.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the spring equinox + - [[D.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the fall equinox +-- +- [[E3B10]] (A) +What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation? + - [[A.]] The signal experiences less loss compared to multi-hop propagation, which uses Earth as a reflector + - [[B.]] The MUF for chordal-hop propagation is much lower than for normal skip propagation + - [[C.]] Atmospheric noise is reduced in the direction of chordal-hop propagation + - [[D.]] Signals travel faster along ionospheric chords +-- +- [[E3B11]] (D) +At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? + - [[A.]] Between midnight and sunrise + - [[B.]] Between sunset and midnight + - [[C.]] Between sunset and sunrise + - [[D.]] Between sunrise and sunset +-- +- [[E3B12]] (B) +What is chordal-hop propagation? + - [[A.]] Propagation away from the great circle bearing between stations + - [[B.]] Successive ionospheric refractions without an intermediate reflection from the ground + - [[C.]] Propagation across the geomagnetic equator + - [[D.]] Signals reflected back toward the transmitting station +-- +- [[E3B13]] (A) +What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation? + - [[A.]] Vertical + - [[B.]] Horizontal + - [[C.]] Circular + - [[D.]] Elliptical diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2173353 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E3B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.619Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E3B Transequatorial propagation; long-path propagation; ordinary and extraordinary waves; chordal hop; sporadic-E mechanisms; ground-wave propagation + +- [[E3B01]] (A) +Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Between points separated by 2,000 miles to 3,000 miles over a path perpendicular to the geomagnetic equator + - [[B.]] Between points located 1,500 miles to 2,000 miles apart on the geomagnetic equator + - [[C.]] Between points located at each other’s antipode + - [[D.]] Through the region where the terminator crosses the geographic equator +-- +- [[E3B02]] (C) +What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation? #card + - [[A.]] 1,000 miles + - [[B.]] 2,500 miles + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles + - [[D.]] 7,500 miles +-- +- [[E3B03]] (C) +At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Morning + - [[B.]] Noon + - [[C.]] Afternoon or early evening + - [[D.]] Late at night +-- +- [[E3B04]] (B) +What are “extraordinary” and “ordinary” waves? #card + - [[A.]] Extraordinary waves exhibit rare long-skip propagation, compared to ordinary waves, which travel shorter distances + - [[B.]] Independently propagating, elliptically polarized waves created in the ionosphere + - [[C.]] Long-path and short-path waves + - [[D.]] Refracted rays and reflected waves +-- +- [[E3B05]] (D) +Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters? #card + - [[A.]] A path entirely in sunlight + - [[B.]] Paths at high latitudes + - [[C.]] A direct north-south path + - [[D.]] A path entirely in darkness +-- +- [[E3B06]] (B) +On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent? #card + - [[A.]] 160 meters and 80 meters + - [[B.]] 40 meters and 20 meters + - [[C.]] 10 meters and 6 meters + - [[D.]] 6 meters and 2 meters +-- +- [[E3B07]] (C) +What effect does lowering a signal’s transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Faraday rotation becomes stronger + - [[B.]] The MUF decreases + - [[C.]] The distance covered by each hop increases + - [[D.]] The critical frequency increases +-- +- [[E3B08]] (C) +How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased? #card + - [[A.]] It stays the same + - [[B.]] It increases + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It peaks at roughly 8 MHz +-- +- [[E3B09]] (A) +At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Around the solstices, especially the summer solstice + - [[B.]] Around the solstices, especially the winter solstice + - [[C.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the spring equinox + - [[D.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the fall equinox +-- +- [[E3B10]] (A) +What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation? #card + - [[A.]] The signal experiences less loss compared to multi-hop propagation, which uses Earth as a reflector + - [[B.]] The MUF for chordal-hop propagation is much lower than for normal skip propagation + - [[C.]] Atmospheric noise is reduced in the direction of chordal-hop propagation + - [[D.]] Signals travel faster along ionospheric chords +-- +- [[E3B11]] (D) +At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Between midnight and sunrise + - [[B.]] Between sunset and midnight + - [[C.]] Between sunset and sunrise + - [[D.]] Between sunrise and sunset +-- +- [[E3B12]] (B) +What is chordal-hop propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Propagation away from the great circle bearing between stations + - [[B.]] Successive ionospheric refractions without an intermediate reflection from the ground + - [[C.]] Propagation across the geomagnetic equator + - [[D.]] Signals reflected back toward the transmitting station +-- +- [[E3B13]] (A) +What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Vertical + - [[B.]] Horizontal + - [[C.]] Circular + - [[D.]] Elliptical diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E3C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E3C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccd1e2d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E3C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.617Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E3C Propagation prediction and reporting: radio horizon; effects of space-weather phenomena + +- [[E3C01]] (D) +What is the cause of short-term radio blackouts? #card + - [[A.]] Coronal mass ejections + - [[B.]] Sunspots on the solar equator + - [[C.]] North-oriented interplanetary magnetic field + - [[D.]] Solar flares +-- +- [[E3C02]] (A) +What is indicated by a rising A-index or K-index? #card + - [[A.]] Increasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field + - [[B.]] Decreasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field + - [[C.]] Higher levels of solar UV radiation + - [[D.]] An increase in the critical frequency +-- +- [[E3C03]] (B) +Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A-index or K-index is elevated? #card + - [[A.]] Transequatorial + - [[B.]] Through the auroral oval + - [[C.]] Sporadic-E + - [[D.]] NVIS +-- +- [[E3C04]] (C) +What does the value of Bz (B sub z) represent? #card + - [[A.]] Geomagnetic field stability + - [[B.]] Critical frequency for vertical transmissions + - [[C.]] North-south strength of the interplanetary magnetic field + - [[D.]] Duration of long-delayed echoes +-- +- [[E3C05]] (A) +What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that charged particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions? #card + - [[A.]] Southward + - [[B.]] Northward + - [[C.]] Eastward + - [[D.]] Westward +-- +- [[E3C06]] (A) +How does the VHF/UHF radio horizon compare to the geographic horizon? #card + - [[A.]] It is approximately 15 percent farther + - [[B.]] It is approximately 20 percent nearer + - [[C.]] It is approximately 50 percent farther + - [[D.]] They are approximately the same +-- +- [[E3C07]] (D) +Which of the following indicates the greatest solar flare intensity? #card + - [[A.]] Class A + - [[B.]] Class Z + - [[C.]] Class M + - [[D.]] Class X +-- +- [[E3C08]] (D) +Which of the following is the space-weather term for an extreme geomagnetic storm? #card + - [[A.]] B9 + - [[B.]] X5 + - [[C.]] M9 + - [[D.]] G5 +-- +- [[E3C09]] (D) +What type of data is reported by amateur radio propagation reporting networks? #card + - [[A.]] Solar flux + - [[B.]] Electric field intensity + - [[C.]] Magnetic declination + - [[D.]] Digital-mode and CW signals +-- +- [[E3C10]] (B) +What does the 304A solar parameter measure? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of X-ray flux to radio flux, correlated to sunspot number + - [[B.]] UV emissions at 304 angstroms, correlated to the solar flux index + - [[C.]] The solar wind velocity at an angle of 304 degrees from the solar equator, correlated to geomagnetic storms + - [[D.]] The solar emission at 304 GHz, correlated to X-ray flare levels +-- +- [[E3C11]] (C) +What does VOACAP software model? #card + - [[A.]] AC voltage and impedance + - [[B.]] VHF radio propagation + - [[C.]] HF propagation + - [[D.]] AC current and impedance +-- +- [[E3C12]] (B) +Which of the following is indicated by a sudden rise in radio background noise across a large portion of the HF spectrum? #card + - [[A.]] A temperature inversion has occurred + - [[B.]] A coronal mass ejection impact or a solar flare has occurred + - [[C.]] Transequatorial propagation on 6 meters is likely + - [[D.]] Long-path propagation on the higher HF bands is likely diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.889Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.889Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..511e028 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_29.889Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E4A Test equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum analyzers; antenna analyzers; oscilloscopes; RF measurements + +- [[E4A01]] (A) +Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope? + - [[A.]] Sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[B.]] Analog-to-digital converter reference frequency + - [[C.]] Q of the circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A02]] (B) +Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes? + - [[A.]] Signal amplitude and time + - [[B.]] Signal amplitude and frequency + - [[C.]] SWR and frequency + - [[D.]] SWR and time +-- +- [[E4A03]] (B) +Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter? + - [[A.]] Differential resolver + - [[B.]] Spectrum analyzer + - [[C.]] Logic analyzer + - [[D.]] Network analyzer +-- +- [[E4A04]] (A) +How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed? + - [[A.]] A square wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the horizontal portions of the displayed wave are as nearly flat as possible + - [[B.]] A high frequency sine wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted for maximum amplitude + - [[C.]] A frequency standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the deflection time is accurate + - [[D.]] A DC voltage standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the displayed voltage is accurate +-- +- [[E4A05]] (D) +What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter? + - [[A.]] Amplify low-level signals for more accurate counting + - [[B.]] Multiply a higher frequency signal so a low-frequency counter can display the operating frequency + - [[C.]] Prevent oscillation in a low-frequency counter circuit + - [[D.]] Reduce the signal frequency to within the counter's operating range +-- +- [[E4A06]] (A) +What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform? + - [[A.]] A false, jittery low-frequency version of the waveform is displayed + - [[B.]] The waveform DC offset will be inaccurate + - [[C.]] Calibration of the vertical scale is no longer valid + - [[D.]] Excessive blanking occurs, which prevents display of the waveform +-- +- [[E4A07]] (B) +Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge? + - [[A.]] Antenna analyzers automatically tune your antenna for resonance + - [[B.]] Antenna analyzers compute SWR and impedance automatically + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzers display a time-varying representation of the modulation envelope + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A08]] (D) +Which of the following is used to measure SWR? + - [[A.]] Directional wattmeter + - [[B.]] Vector network analyzer + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzer + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A09]] (A) +Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe? + - [[A.]] Minimize the length of the probe's ground connection + - [[B.]] Never use a high-impedance probe to measure a low-impedance circuit + - [[C.]] Never use a DC-coupled probe to measure an AC circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A10]] (D) +Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply’s output ripple? + - [[A.]] Single-shot + - [[B.]] Edge + - [[C.]] Level + - [[D.]] Line +-- +- [[E4A11]] (D) +Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer? + - [[A.]] Velocity factor + - [[B.]] Cable length + - [[C.]] Resonant frequency of a tuned circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a3c1caa --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E4A Test equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum analyzers; antenna analyzers; oscilloscopes; RF measurements + +- [[E4A01]] (A) +Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope? #card + - [[A.]] Sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[B.]] Analog-to-digital converter reference frequency + - [[C.]] Q of the circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A02]] (B) +Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes? #card + - [[A.]] Signal amplitude and time + - [[B.]] Signal amplitude and frequency + - [[C.]] SWR and frequency + - [[D.]] SWR and time +-- +- [[E4A03]] (B) +Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] Differential resolver + - [[B.]] Spectrum analyzer + - [[C.]] Logic analyzer + - [[D.]] Network analyzer +-- +- [[E4A04]] (A) +How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed? #card + - [[A.]] A square wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the horizontal portions of the displayed wave are as nearly flat as possible + - [[B.]] A high frequency sine wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted for maximum amplitude + - [[C.]] A frequency standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the deflection time is accurate + - [[D.]] A DC voltage standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the displayed voltage is accurate +-- +- [[E4A05]] (D) +What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter? #card + - [[A.]] Amplify low-level signals for more accurate counting + - [[B.]] Multiply a higher frequency signal so a low-frequency counter can display the operating frequency + - [[C.]] Prevent oscillation in a low-frequency counter circuit + - [[D.]] Reduce the signal frequency to within the counter's operating range +-- +- [[E4A06]] (A) +What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform? #card + - [[A.]] A false, jittery low-frequency version of the waveform is displayed + - [[B.]] The waveform DC offset will be inaccurate + - [[C.]] Calibration of the vertical scale is no longer valid + - [[D.]] Excessive blanking occurs, which prevents display of the waveform +-- +- [[E4A07]] (B) +Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge? #card + - [[A.]] Antenna analyzers automatically tune your antenna for resonance + - [[B.]] Antenna analyzers compute SWR and impedance automatically + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzers display a time-varying representation of the modulation envelope + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A08]] (D) +Which of the following is used to measure SWR? #card + - [[A.]] Directional wattmeter + - [[B.]] Vector network analyzer + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzer + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A09]] (A) +Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe? #card + - [[A.]] Minimize the length of the probe's ground connection + - [[B.]] Never use a high-impedance probe to measure a low-impedance circuit + - [[C.]] Never use a DC-coupled probe to measure an AC circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4A10]] (D) +Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply’s output ripple? #card + - [[A.]] Single-shot + - [[B.]] Edge + - [[C.]] Level + - [[D.]] Line +-- +- [[E4A11]] (D) +Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Velocity factor + - [[B.]] Cable length + - [[C.]] Resonant frequency of a tuned circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7a7118e --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.616Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E4B Measurement technique and limitations: instrument accuracy and performance limitations; probes; techniques to minimize errors; measurement of Q; instrument calibration; S parameters; vector network analyzers; RF signals + +- [[E4B01]] (B) +Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter? #card + - [[A.]] Input attenuator accuracy + - [[B.]] Time base accuracy + - [[C.]] Decade divider accuracy + - [[D.]] Temperature coefficient of the logic +-- +- [[E4B02]] (A) +What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt? #card + - [[A.]] The full scale reading of the voltmeter multiplied by its ohms per volt rating is the input impedance of the voltmeter + - [[B.]] The reading in volts multiplied by the ohms per volt rating will determine the power drawn by the device under test + - [[C.]] The reading in ohms divided by the ohms per volt rating will determine the voltage applied to the circuit + - [[D.]] The full scale reading in amps divided by ohms per volt rating will determine the size of shunt needed +-- +- [[E4B03]] (C) +Which S parameter is equivalent to forward gain? #card + - [[A.]] S11 + - [[B.]] S12 + - [[C.]] S21 + - [[D.]] S22 +-- +- [[E4B04]] (A) +Which S parameter represents input port return loss or reflection coefficient (equivalent to VSWR)? #card + - [[A.]] S11 + - [[B.]] S12 + - [[C.]] S21 + - [[D.]] S22 +-- +- [[E4B05]] (B) +What three test loads are used to calibrate an RF vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms, 75 ohms, and 90 ohms + - [[B.]] Short circuit, open circuit, and 50 ohms + - [[C.]] Short circuit, open circuit, and resonant circuit + - [[D.]] 50 ohms through 1/8 wavelength, 1/4 wavelength, and 1/2 wavelength of coaxial cable +-- +- [[E4B06]] (D) +How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power? #card + - [[A.]] 100 watts + - [[B.]] 125 watts + - [[C.]] 112.5 watts + - [[D.]] 75 watts +-- +- [[E4B07]] (A) +What do the subscripts of S parameters represent? #card + - [[A.]] The port or ports at which measurements are made + - [[B.]] The relative time between measurements + - [[C.]] Relative quality of the data + - [[D.]] Frequency order of the measurements +-- +- [[E4B08]] (C) +Which of the following can be used to determine the Q of a series-tuned circuit? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of inductive reactance to capacitive reactance + - [[B.]] The frequency shift + - [[C.]] The bandwidth of the circuit's frequency response + - [[D.]] The resonant frequency of the circuit +-- +- [[E4B09]] (B) +Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Phase noise + - [[B.]] Filter frequency response + - [[C.]] Pulse rise time + - [[D.]] Forward power +-- +- [[E4B10]] (B) +Which of the following methods measures intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer + - [[B.]] Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer + - [[C.]] Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a peak reading wattmeter + - [[D.]] Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a logic analyzer +-- +- [[E4B11]] (D) +Which of the following can be measured with a vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Input impedance + - [[B.]] Output impedance + - [[C.]] Reflection coefficient + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e946045 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.890Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E4C Receiver performance: phase noise, noise floor, image rejection, minimum detectable signal (MDS), increasing signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, noise figure, reciprocal mixing; selectivity; SDR non-linearity; use of attenuators at low frequencies + +- [[E4C01]] (D) +What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver’s master clock oscillator? + - [[A.]] It limits the receiver’s ability to receive strong signals + - [[B.]] It can affect the receiver’s frequency calibration + - [[C.]] It decreases the receiver’s third-order intercept point + - [[D.]] It can combine with strong signals on nearby frequencies to generate interference +-- +- [[E4C02]] (A) +Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals? + - [[A.]] A front-end filter or preselector + - [[B.]] A narrow IF filter + - [[C.]] A notch filter + - [[D.]] A properly adjusted product detector +-- +- [[E4C03]] (C) +What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency? + - [[A.]] Desensitization + - [[B.]] Cross-modulation interference + - [[C.]] Capture effect + - [[D.]] Frequency discrimination +-- +- [[E4C04]] (D) +What is the noise figure of a receiver? + - [[A.]] The ratio of atmospheric noise to phase noise + - [[B.]] The ratio of the noise bandwidth in hertz to the theoretical bandwidth of a resistive network + - [[C.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated in the receiver to atmospheric noise + - [[D.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated by the receiver to the theoretical minimum noise +-- +- [[E4C05]] (B) +What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent? + - [[A.]] The receiver noise is 6 dB above the theoretical minimum + - [[B.]] The theoretical noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature + - [[C.]] The noise figure of a 1 Hz bandwidth receiver + - [[D.]] The receiver noise is 3 dB above theoretical minimum +-- +- [[E4C06]] (D) +How much does increasing a receiver’s bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver’s noise floor? + - [[A.]] 3 dB + - [[B.]] 5 dB + - [[C.]] 10 dB + - [[D.]] 13 dB +-- +- [[E4C07]] (B) +What does the MDS of a receiver represent? + - [[A.]] The meter display sensitivity + - [[B.]] The minimum discernible signal + - [[C.]] The modulation distortion specification + - [[D.]] The maximum detectable spectrum +-- +- [[E4C08]] (D) +An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level? + - [[A.]] One-half of the maximum sample rate + - [[B.]] One-half of the maximum sampling buffer size + - [[C.]] The maximum count value of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[D.]] The reference voltage of the analog-to-digital converter +-- +- [[E4C09]] (C) +Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver? + - [[A.]] Fewer components in the receiver + - [[B.]] Reduced drift + - [[C.]] Easier for front-end circuitry to eliminate image responses + - [[D.]] Improved receiver noise figure +-- +- [[E4C10]] (C) +What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select? + - [[A.]] The noise figure of the RF amplifier can be adjusted to match the modulation type, thus increasing receiver sensitivity + - [[B.]] Receiver power consumption can be reduced when wider bandwidth is not required + - [[C.]] Receive bandwidth can be set to match the modulation bandwidth, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio and minimizing interference + - [[D.]] Multiple frequencies can be received simultaneously if desired +-- +- [[E4C11]] (D) +Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio? + - [[A.]] The attenuator has a low-pass filter to increase the strength of lower frequency signals + - [[B.]] The attenuator has a noise filter to suppress interference + - [[C.]] Signals are attenuated separately from the noise + - [[D.]] Atmospheric noise is generally greater than internally generated noise even after attenuation +-- +- [[E4C12]] (C) +How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance? + - [[A.]] It improves sensitivity by reducing front-end noise + - [[B.]] It improves intelligibility by using low Q circuitry to reduce ringing + - [[C.]] It improves blocking dynamic range by attenuating strong signals near the receive frequency + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4C13]] (D) +What is reciprocal mixing? + - [[A.]] Two out-of-band signals mixing to generate an in-band spurious signal + - [[B.]] In-phase signals cancelling in a mixer resulting in loss of receiver sensitivity + - [[C.]] Two digital signals combining from alternate time slots + - [[D.]] Local oscillator phase noise mixing with adjacent strong signals to create interference to desired signals +-- +- [[E4C14]] (C) +What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control? + - [[A.]] To permit listening on a different frequency from the transmitting frequency + - [[B.]] To change frequency rapidly + - [[C.]] To reduce interference from stations transmitting on adjacent frequencies + - [[D.]] To tune in stations slightly off frequency without changing the transmit frequency diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..71cd2ae --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E4C Receiver performance: phase noise, noise floor, image rejection, minimum detectable signal (MDS), increasing signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, noise figure, reciprocal mixing; selectivity; SDR non-linearity; use of attenuators at low frequencies + +- [[E4C01]] (D) +What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver’s master clock oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] It limits the receiver’s ability to receive strong signals + - [[B.]] It can affect the receiver’s frequency calibration + - [[C.]] It decreases the receiver’s third-order intercept point + - [[D.]] It can combine with strong signals on nearby frequencies to generate interference +-- +- [[E4C02]] (A) +Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals? #card + - [[A.]] A front-end filter or preselector + - [[B.]] A narrow IF filter + - [[C.]] A notch filter + - [[D.]] A properly adjusted product detector +-- +- [[E4C03]] (C) +What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Desensitization + - [[B.]] Cross-modulation interference + - [[C.]] Capture effect + - [[D.]] Frequency discrimination +-- +- [[E4C04]] (D) +What is the noise figure of a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of atmospheric noise to phase noise + - [[B.]] The ratio of the noise bandwidth in hertz to the theoretical bandwidth of a resistive network + - [[C.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated in the receiver to atmospheric noise + - [[D.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated by the receiver to the theoretical minimum noise +-- +- [[E4C05]] (B) +What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent? #card + - [[A.]] The receiver noise is 6 dB above the theoretical minimum + - [[B.]] The theoretical noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature + - [[C.]] The noise figure of a 1 Hz bandwidth receiver + - [[D.]] The receiver noise is 3 dB above theoretical minimum +-- +- [[E4C06]] (D) +How much does increasing a receiver’s bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver’s noise floor? #card + - [[A.]] 3 dB + - [[B.]] 5 dB + - [[C.]] 10 dB + - [[D.]] 13 dB +-- +- [[E4C07]] (B) +What does the MDS of a receiver represent? #card + - [[A.]] The meter display sensitivity + - [[B.]] The minimum discernible signal + - [[C.]] The modulation distortion specification + - [[D.]] The maximum detectable spectrum +-- +- [[E4C08]] (D) +An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level? #card + - [[A.]] One-half of the maximum sample rate + - [[B.]] One-half of the maximum sampling buffer size + - [[C.]] The maximum count value of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[D.]] The reference voltage of the analog-to-digital converter +-- +- [[E4C09]] (C) +Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer components in the receiver + - [[B.]] Reduced drift + - [[C.]] Easier for front-end circuitry to eliminate image responses + - [[D.]] Improved receiver noise figure +-- +- [[E4C10]] (C) +What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select? #card + - [[A.]] The noise figure of the RF amplifier can be adjusted to match the modulation type, thus increasing receiver sensitivity + - [[B.]] Receiver power consumption can be reduced when wider bandwidth is not required + - [[C.]] Receive bandwidth can be set to match the modulation bandwidth, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio and minimizing interference + - [[D.]] Multiple frequencies can be received simultaneously if desired +-- +- [[E4C11]] (D) +Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio? #card + - [[A.]] The attenuator has a low-pass filter to increase the strength of lower frequency signals + - [[B.]] The attenuator has a noise filter to suppress interference + - [[C.]] Signals are attenuated separately from the noise + - [[D.]] Atmospheric noise is generally greater than internally generated noise even after attenuation +-- +- [[E4C12]] (C) +How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance? #card + - [[A.]] It improves sensitivity by reducing front-end noise + - [[B.]] It improves intelligibility by using low Q circuitry to reduce ringing + - [[C.]] It improves blocking dynamic range by attenuating strong signals near the receive frequency + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4C13]] (D) +What is reciprocal mixing? #card + - [[A.]] Two out-of-band signals mixing to generate an in-band spurious signal + - [[B.]] In-phase signals cancelling in a mixer resulting in loss of receiver sensitivity + - [[C.]] Two digital signals combining from alternate time slots + - [[D.]] Local oscillator phase noise mixing with adjacent strong signals to create interference to desired signals +-- +- [[E4C14]] (C) +What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control? #card + - [[A.]] To permit listening on a different frequency from the transmitting frequency + - [[B.]] To change frequency rapidly + - [[C.]] To reduce interference from stations transmitting on adjacent frequencies + - [[D.]] To tune in stations slightly off frequency without changing the transmit frequency diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dfa065c --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.621Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E4D Receiver performance characteristics: dynamic range; intermodulation and cross-modulation interference; third-order intercept; desensitization; preselector; sensitivity; link margin + +- [[E4D01]] (A) +What is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] The difference in dB between the noise floor and the level of an incoming signal that will cause 1 dB of gain compression + - [[B.]] The minimum difference in dB between the levels of two FM signals that will cause one signal to block the other + - [[C.]] The difference in dB between the noise floor and the third-order intercept point + - [[D.]] The minimum difference in dB between two signals which produce third-order intermodulation products greater than the noise floor +-- +- [[E4D02]] (A) +Which of the following describes problems caused by poor dynamic range in a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] Spurious signals caused by cross modulation and desensitization from strong adjacent signals + - [[B.]] Oscillator instability requiring frequent retuning and loss of ability to recover the opposite sideband + - [[C.]] Poor weak signal reception caused by insufficient local oscillator injection + - [[D.]] Oscillator instability and severe audio distortion of all but the strongest received signals +-- +- [[E4D03]] (B) +What creates intermodulation interference between two repeaters in close proximity? #card + - [[A.]] The output signals cause feedback in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters + - [[B.]] The output signals mix in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters + - [[C.]] The input frequencies are harmonically related + - [[D.]] The output frequencies are harmonically related +-- +- [[E4D04]] (B) +Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by a nearby transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] A band-pass filter in the feed line between the transmitter and receiver + - [[B.]] A properly terminated circulator at the output of the repeater’s transmitter + - [[C.]] Utilizing a Class C final amplifier + - [[D.]] Utilizing a Class D final amplifier +-- +- [[E4D05]] (A) +What transmitter frequencies would create an intermodulation-product signal in a receiver tuned to 146.70 MHz when a nearby station transmits on 146.52 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 146.34 MHz and 146.61 MHz + - [[B.]] 146.88 MHz and 146.34 MHz + - [[C.]] 146.10 MHz and 147.30 MHz + - [[D.]] 146.30 MHz and 146.90 MHz +-- +- [[E4D06]] (C) +What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Reciprocal mixing + - [[B.]] Quieting + - [[C.]] Desensitization + - [[D.]] Cross modulation interference +-- +- [[E4D07]] (A) +Which of the following reduces the likelihood of receiver desensitization? #card + - [[A.]] Insert attenuation before the first RF stage + - [[B.]] Raise the receiver’s IF frequency + - [[C.]] Increase the receiver’s front-end gain + - [[D.]] Switch from fast AGC to slow AGC +-- +- [[E4D08]] (C) +What causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Negative feedback + - [[B.]] Lack of neutralization + - [[C.]] Nonlinear circuits or devices + - [[D.]] Positive feedback +-- +- [[E4D09]] (C) +What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver? #card + - [[A.]] To store frequencies that are often used + - [[B.]] To provide broadband attenuation before the first RF stage to prevent intermodulation + - [[C.]] To increase the rejection of signals outside the band being received + - [[D.]] To allow selection of the optimum RF amplifier device +-- +- [[E4D10]] (C) +What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance? #card + - [[A.]] Signals less than 40 dBm will not generate audible third-order intermodulation products + - [[B.]] The receiver can tolerate signals up to 40 dB above the noise floor without producing third-order intermodulation products + - [[C.]] A pair of 40 dBm input signals will theoretically generate a third-order intermodulation product that has the same output amplitude as either of the input signals + - [[D.]] A pair of 1 mW input signals will produce a third-order intermodulation product that is 40 dB stronger than the input signal +-- +- [[E4D11]] (A) +Why are odd-order intermodulation products, created within a receiver, of particular interest compared to other products? #card + - [[A.]] Odd-order products of two signals in the band being received are also likely to be within the band + - [[B.]] Odd-order products are more likely to overload the IF filters + - [[C.]] Odd-order products are an indication of poor image rejection + - [[D.]] Odd-order intermodulation produces three products for every input signal within the band of interest +-- +- [[E4D12]] (C) +What is the link margin in a system with a transmit power level of 10 W (+40 dBm), a system antenna gain of 10 dBi, a cable loss of 3 dB, a path loss of 136 dB, a receiver minimum discernable signal of -103 dBm, and a required signal-to-noise ratio of 6 dB? #card + - [[A.]] -8dB + - [[B.]] -14dB + - [[C.]] +8dB + - [[D.]] +14dB +-- +- [[E4D13]] (A) +What is the received signal level with a transmit power of 10 W (+40 dBm), a transmit antenna gain of 6 dBi, a receive antenna gain of 3 dBi, and a path loss of 100 dB? #card + - [[A.]] -51 dBm + - [[B.]] -54 dBm + - [[C.]] -57 dBm + - [[D.]] -60 dBm +-- +- [[E4D14]] (D) +What power level does a receiver minimum discernible signal of -100 dBm represent? #card + - [[A.]] 100 microwatts + - [[B.]] 0.1 microwatt + - [[C.]] 0.001 microwatts + - [[D.]] 0.1 picowatts diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.891Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.891Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..37d3ba5 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.891Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E4E Noise and interference: external RF interference; electrical and computer noise; line noise; DSP filtering and noise reduction; common-mode current; surge protectors; single point ground panel + +- [[E4E01]] (A) +What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals? + - [[A.]] Removal of the CW signal as well as the interfering carrier + - [[B.]] Any nearby signal passing through the DSP system will overwhelm the desired signal + - [[C.]] Excessive ringing + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E02]] (D) +Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction? + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Ignition noise + - [[C.]] Power line noise + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E03]] (B) +Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker? + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Impulse noise + - [[C.]] Hum and buzz + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E04]] (D) +How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed? + - [[A.]] By installing filter capacitors in series with the alternator leads + - [[B.]] By installing a noise suppression resistor and a blocking capacitor at the battery + - [[C.]] By installing a high-pass filter in series with the radio’s power lead and a low-pass filter in parallel with the antenna feed line + - [[D.]] By installing ferrite chokes on the charging system leads +-- +- [[E4E05]] (B) +What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor? + - [[A.]] A high-pass filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[B.]] A brute-force AC-line filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[C.]] A bypass capacitor in series with the motor’s field winding + - [[D.]] A bypass choke in parallel with the motor’s field winding +-- +- [[E4E06]] (C) +What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment? + - [[A.]] A loud AC hum in the audio output of your station’s receiver + - [[B.]] A clicking noise at intervals of a few seconds + - [[C.]] The appearance of unstable modulated or unmodulated signals at specific frequencies + - [[D.]] A whining-type noise that continually pulses off and on +-- +- [[E4E07]] (B) +Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference? + - [[A.]] Low inductance ground connections at both ends of the shield + - [[B.]] Common-mode currents on the shield and conductors + - [[C.]] Use of braided shielding material + - [[D.]] Tying all ground connections to a common point resulting in differential-mode currents in the shield +-- +- [[E4E08]] (B) +What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable? + - [[A.]] Differential-mode current + - [[B.]] Common-mode current + - [[C.]] Reactive current only + - [[D.]] Magnetically-coupled current only +-- +- [[E4E09]] (C) +What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker? + - [[A.]] Received audio in the speech range might have an echo effect + - [[B.]] The audio frequency bandwidth of the received signal might be compressed + - [[C.]] Strong signals may be distorted and appear to cause spurious emissions + - [[D.]] FM signals can no longer be demodulated +-- +- [[E4E10]] (D) +Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference? + - [[A.]] Arcing contacts in a thermostatically controlled device + - [[B.]] A defective doorbell or doorbell transformer inside a nearby residence + - [[C.]] A malfunctioning illuminated advertising display + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E11]] (B) +What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands? + - [[A.]] One or more of the broadcast stations is transmitting an over-modulated signal + - [[B.]] Nearby corroded metal connections are mixing and reradiating the broadcast signals + - [[C.]] You are receiving skywave signals from a distant station + - [[D.]] Your station receiver IF amplifier stage is overloaded +-- +- [[E4E12]] (A) +What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range? + - [[A.]] Switch-mode power supplies + - [[B.]] Radar transmitters + - [[C.]] Wireless security camera transmitters + - [[D.]] Electric fences +-- +- [[E4E13]] (C) +Where should a station AC surge protector be installed? + - [[A.]] At the AC service panel + - [[B.]] At an AC outlet + - [[C.]] On the single point ground panel + - [[D.]] On a ground rod outside the station +-- +- [[E4E14]] (D) +What is the purpose of a single point ground panel? + - [[A.]] Remove AC power in case of a short-circuit + - [[B.]] Prevent common-mode transients in multi-wire systems + - [[C.]] Eliminate air gaps between protected and non-protected circuits + - [[D.]] Ensure all lightning protectors activate at the same time diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce578df --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E4E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.622Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E4E Noise and interference: external RF interference; electrical and computer noise; line noise; DSP filtering and noise reduction; common-mode current; surge protectors; single point ground panel + +- [[E4E01]] (A) +What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals? #card + - [[A.]] Removal of the CW signal as well as the interfering carrier + - [[B.]] Any nearby signal passing through the DSP system will overwhelm the desired signal + - [[C.]] Excessive ringing + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E02]] (D) +Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Ignition noise + - [[C.]] Power line noise + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E03]] (B) +Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Impulse noise + - [[C.]] Hum and buzz + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E04]] (D) +How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed? #card + - [[A.]] By installing filter capacitors in series with the alternator leads + - [[B.]] By installing a noise suppression resistor and a blocking capacitor at the battery + - [[C.]] By installing a high-pass filter in series with the radio’s power lead and a low-pass filter in parallel with the antenna feed line + - [[D.]] By installing ferrite chokes on the charging system leads +-- +- [[E4E05]] (B) +What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor? #card + - [[A.]] A high-pass filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[B.]] A brute-force AC-line filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[C.]] A bypass capacitor in series with the motor’s field winding + - [[D.]] A bypass choke in parallel with the motor’s field winding +-- +- [[E4E06]] (C) +What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment? #card + - [[A.]] A loud AC hum in the audio output of your station’s receiver + - [[B.]] A clicking noise at intervals of a few seconds + - [[C.]] The appearance of unstable modulated or unmodulated signals at specific frequencies + - [[D.]] A whining-type noise that continually pulses off and on +-- +- [[E4E07]] (B) +Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference? #card + - [[A.]] Low inductance ground connections at both ends of the shield + - [[B.]] Common-mode currents on the shield and conductors + - [[C.]] Use of braided shielding material + - [[D.]] Tying all ground connections to a common point resulting in differential-mode currents in the shield +-- +- [[E4E08]] (B) +What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable? #card + - [[A.]] Differential-mode current + - [[B.]] Common-mode current + - [[C.]] Reactive current only + - [[D.]] Magnetically-coupled current only +-- +- [[E4E09]] (C) +What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker? #card + - [[A.]] Received audio in the speech range might have an echo effect + - [[B.]] The audio frequency bandwidth of the received signal might be compressed + - [[C.]] Strong signals may be distorted and appear to cause spurious emissions + - [[D.]] FM signals can no longer be demodulated +-- +- [[E4E10]] (D) +Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference? #card + - [[A.]] Arcing contacts in a thermostatically controlled device + - [[B.]] A defective doorbell or doorbell transformer inside a nearby residence + - [[C.]] A malfunctioning illuminated advertising display + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E4E11]] (B) +What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands? #card + - [[A.]] One or more of the broadcast stations is transmitting an over-modulated signal + - [[B.]] Nearby corroded metal connections are mixing and reradiating the broadcast signals + - [[C.]] You are receiving skywave signals from a distant station + - [[D.]] Your station receiver IF amplifier stage is overloaded +-- +- [[E4E12]] (A) +What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range? #card + - [[A.]] Switch-mode power supplies + - [[B.]] Radar transmitters + - [[C.]] Wireless security camera transmitters + - [[D.]] Electric fences +-- +- [[E4E13]] (C) +Where should a station AC surge protector be installed? #card + - [[A.]] At the AC service panel + - [[B.]] At an AC outlet + - [[C.]] On the single point ground panel + - [[D.]] On a ground rod outside the station +-- +- [[E4E14]] (D) +What is the purpose of a single point ground panel? #card + - [[A.]] Remove AC power in case of a short-circuit + - [[B.]] Prevent common-mode transients in multi-wire systems + - [[C.]] Eliminate air gaps between protected and non-protected circuits + - [[D.]] Ensure all lightning protectors activate at the same time diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ab5c4c --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.623Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E5A Resonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits; series and parallel resonance; definitions and effects of Q; half-power bandwidth + +- [[E5A01]] (A) +What can cause the voltage across reactances in a series RLC circuit to be higher than the voltage applied to the entire circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Resonance + - [[B.]] Capacitance + - [[C.]] Low quality factor (Q) + - [[D.]] Resistance +-- +- [[E5A02]] (C) +What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 40 picofarads? #card + - [[A.]] 44.72 MHz + - [[B.]] 22.36 MHz + - [[C.]] 3.56 MHz + - [[D.]] 1.78 MHz +-- +- [[E5A03]] (D) +What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] High, compared to the circuit resistance + - [[B.]] Approximately equal to capacitive reactance + - [[C.]] Approximately equal to inductive reactance + - [[D.]] Approximately equal to circuit resistance +-- +- [[E5A04]] (A) +What is the magnitude of the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Approximately equal to circuit resistance + - [[B.]] Approximately equal to inductive reactance + - [[C.]] Low compared to the circuit resistance + - [[D.]] High compared to the circuit resistance +-- +- [[E5A05]] (A) +What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Matching bandwidth is decreased + - [[B.]] Matching bandwidth is increased + - [[C.]] Losses increase + - [[D.]] Harmonics increase +-- +- [[E5A06]] (B) +What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] It is at a minimum + - [[B.]] It is at a maximum + - [[C.]] It equals 1 divided by the quantity 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C) + - [[D.]] It equals 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C) +-- +- [[E5A07]] (A) +What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Minimum + - [[B.]] Maximum + - [[C.]] R/L + - [[D.]] L/R +-- +- [[E5A08]] (C) +What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] The voltage leads the current by 90 degrees + - [[B.]] The current leads the voltage by 90 degrees + - [[C.]] The voltage and current are in phase + - [[D.]] The voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E5A09]] (C) +How is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated? #card + - [[A.]] Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance divided by the resistance + - [[B.]] Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance multiplied by the resistance + - [[C.]] Resistance divided by the reactance of either the inductance or capacitance + - [[D.]] Reactance of the inductance multiplied by the reactance of the capacitance +-- +- [[E5A10]] (A) +What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 10 picofarads? #card + - [[A.]] 7.12 MHz + - [[B.]] 23.5 kHz + - [[C.]] 7.12 kHz + - [[D.]] 23.5 MHz +-- +- [[E5A11]] (C) +What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150? #card + - [[A.]] 157.8 Hz + - [[B.]] 315.6 Hz + - [[C.]] 47.3 kHz + - [[D.]] 23.67 kHz +-- +- [[E5A12]] (C) +What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118? #card + - [[A.]] 436.6 kHz + - [[B.]] 218.3 kHz + - [[C.]] 31.4 kHz + - [[D.]] 15.7 kHz +-- +- [[E5A13]] (C) +What is an effect of increasing Q in a series resonant circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer components are needed for the same performance + - [[B.]] Parasitic effects are minimized + - [[C.]] Internal voltages increase + - [[D.]] Phase shift can become uncontrolled diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2bbf553 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.892Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E5B Time constants and phase relationships: RL and RC time constants; phase angle in reactive circuits and components; admittance and susceptance + +- [[E5B01]] (B) +What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage? + - [[A.]] An exponential rate of one + - [[B.]] One time constant + - [[C.]] One exponential period + - [[D.]] A time factor of one +-- +- [[E5B02]] (D) +What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance? + - [[A.]] G + - [[B.]] X + - [[C.]] Y + - [[D.]] B +-- +- [[E5B03]] (B) +How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance? + - [[A.]] Take the reciprocal of the angle and change the sign of the magnitude + - [[B.]] Take the reciprocal of the magnitude and change the sign of the angle + - [[C.]] Take the square root of the magnitude and add 180 degrees to the angle + - [[D.]] Square the magnitude and subtract 90 degrees from the angle +-- +- [[E5B04]] (D) +What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel? + - [[A.]] 55 seconds + - [[B.]] 110 seconds + - [[C.]] 440 seconds + - [[D.]] 220 seconds +-- +- [[E5B05]] (D) +What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance? + - [[A.]] It is unchanged + - [[B.]] The sign is reversed + - [[C.]] It is shifted by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] It is replaced by its reciprocal +-- +- [[E5B06]] (C) +What is susceptance? + - [[A.]] The magnetic impedance of a circuit + - [[B.]] The ratio of magnetic field to electric field + - [[C.]] The imaginary part of admittance + - [[D.]] A measure of the efficiency of a transformer +-- +- [[E5B07]] (C) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms? + - [[A.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[B.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +-- +- [[E5B08]] (A) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms? + - [[A.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[D.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +-- +- [[E5B09]] (D) +What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor? + - [[A.]] Voltage and current are in phase + - [[B.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees +-- +- [[E5B10]] (A) +What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor? + - [[A.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[B.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees + - [[C.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Voltage and current are in phase +-- +- [[E5B11]] (B) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms? + - [[A.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current +-- +- [[E5B12]] (A) +What is admittance? + - [[A.]] The inverse of impedance + - [[B.]] The term for the gain of a field effect transistor + - [[C.]] The inverse of reactance + - [[D.]] The term for the on-impedance of a field effect transistor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..76a610d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E5B Time constants and phase relationships: RL and RC time constants; phase angle in reactive circuits and components; admittance and susceptance + +- [[E5B01]] (B) +What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage? #card + - [[A.]] An exponential rate of one + - [[B.]] One time constant + - [[C.]] One exponential period + - [[D.]] A time factor of one +-- +- [[E5B02]] (D) +What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] G + - [[B.]] X + - [[C.]] Y + - [[D.]] B +-- +- [[E5B03]] (B) +How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance? #card + - [[A.]] Take the reciprocal of the angle and change the sign of the magnitude + - [[B.]] Take the reciprocal of the magnitude and change the sign of the angle + - [[C.]] Take the square root of the magnitude and add 180 degrees to the angle + - [[D.]] Square the magnitude and subtract 90 degrees from the angle +-- +- [[E5B04]] (D) +What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel? #card + - [[A.]] 55 seconds + - [[B.]] 110 seconds + - [[C.]] 440 seconds + - [[D.]] 220 seconds +-- +- [[E5B05]] (D) +What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] It is unchanged + - [[B.]] The sign is reversed + - [[C.]] It is shifted by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] It is replaced by its reciprocal +-- +- [[E5B06]] (C) +What is susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] The magnetic impedance of a circuit + - [[B.]] The ratio of magnetic field to electric field + - [[C.]] The imaginary part of admittance + - [[D.]] A measure of the efficiency of a transformer +-- +- [[E5B07]] (C) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[B.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +-- +- [[E5B08]] (A) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[D.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +-- +- [[E5B09]] (D) +What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage and current are in phase + - [[B.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees +-- +- [[E5B10]] (A) +What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[B.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees + - [[C.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Voltage and current are in phase +-- +- [[E5B11]] (B) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current +-- +- [[E5B12]] (A) +What is admittance? #card + - [[A.]] The inverse of impedance + - [[B.]] The term for the gain of a field effect transistor + - [[C.]] The inverse of reactance + - [[D.]] The term for the on-impedance of a field effect transistor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c27a34 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.624Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E5C Coordinate systems and phasors in electronics: rectangular coordinates; polar coordinates; phasors; logarithmic axes + +- [[E5C01]] (A) +Which of the following represents pure capacitive reactance of 100 ohms in rectangular notation? #card + - [[A.]] 0 - j100 + - [[B.]] 0 + j100 + - [[C.]] 100 - j0 + - [[D.]] 100 + j0 +-- +- [[E5C02]] (C) +How are impedances described in polar coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] By X and R values + - [[B.]] By real and imaginary parts + - [[C.]] By magnitude and phase angle + - [[D.]] By Y and G values +-- +- [[E5C03]] (C) +Which of the following represents a pure inductive reactance in polar coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] A positive 45 degree phase angle + - [[B.]] A negative 45 degree phase angle + - [[C.]] A positive 90 degree phase angle + - [[D.]] A negative 90 degree phase angle +-- +- [[E5C04]] (D) +What type of Y-axis scale is most often used for graphs of circuit frequency response? #card + - [[A.]] Linear + - [[B.]] Scatter + - [[C.]] Random + - [[D.]] Logarithmic +-- +- [[E5C05]] (C) +What kind of diagram is used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Venn diagram + - [[B.]] Near field diagram + - [[C.]] Phasor diagram + - [[D.]] Far field diagram +-- +- [[E5C06]] (B) +What does the impedance 50 - j25 ohms represent? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms inductive reactance + - [[B.]] 50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms capacitive reactance + - [[C.]] 25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms inductive reactance + - [[D.]] 25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms capacitive reactance +-- +- [[E5C07]] (D) +Where is the impedance of a pure resistance plotted on rectangular coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] On the vertical axis + - [[B.]] On a line through the origin, slanted at 45 degrees + - [[C.]] On a horizontal line, offset vertically above the horizontal axis + - [[D.]] On the horizontal axis +-- +- [[E5C08]] (D) +What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance? #card + - [[A.]] Maidenhead grid + - [[B.]] Faraday grid + - [[C.]] Elliptical coordinates + - [[D.]] Polar coordinates +-- +- [[E5C09]] (A) +When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what do the axes represent? #card + - [[A.]] The X axis represents the resistive component, and the Y axis represents the reactive component + - [[B.]] The X axis represents the reactive component, and the Y axis represents the resistive component + - [[C.]] The X axis represents the phase angle, and the Y axis represents the magnitude + - [[D.]] The X axis represents the magnitude, and the Y axis represents the phase angle +-- +- [[E5C10]] (B) +Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 400-ohm resistor and a 38-picofarad capacitor at 14 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] Point 2 + - [[B.]] Point 4 + - [[C.]] Point 5 + - [[D.]] Point 6 +-- +- [[E5C11]] (B) +Which point in Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and an 18-microhenry inductor at 3.505 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] Point 1 + - [[B.]] Point 3 + - [[C.]] Point 7 + - [[D.]] Point 8 +-- +- [[E5C12]] (A) +Which point on Figure E5-1 best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and a 19-picofarad capacitor at 21.200 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] Point 1 + - [[B.]] Point 3 + - [[C.]] Point 7 + - [[D.]] Point 8 diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.893Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.893Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..86d91a1 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.893Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E5D RF effects in components and circuits: skin effect; real and reactive power; electrical length of conductors + +- [[E5D01]] (A) +What is the result of conductor skin effect? + - [[A.]] Resistance increases as frequency increases because RF current flows closer to the surface + - [[B.]] Resistance decreases as frequency increases because electron mobility increases + - [[C.]] Resistance increases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient + - [[D.]] Resistance decreases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient +-- +- [[E5D02]] (B) +Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above? + - [[A.]] To increase the thermal time constant + - [[B.]] To minimize inductive reactance + - [[C.]] To maintain component lifetime + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E5D03]] (C) +What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power? + - [[A.]] They are out of phase + - [[B.]] They are in phase + - [[C.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] They are 45 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E5D04]] (B) +Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies? + - [[A.]] To increase neutralizing resistance + - [[B.]] To reduce phase shift along the connection + - [[C.]] To increase compensating capacitance + - [[D.]] To reduce noise figure +-- +- [[E5D05]] (C) +What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF? + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Shunt capacitance + - [[C.]] Inductance + - [[D.]] Dielectric leakage +-- +- [[E5D06]] (D) +What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor’s self-resonance? + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Coupling + - [[D.]] Inter-turn capacitance +-- +- [[E5D07]] (B) +What combines to create the self-resonance of a component? + - [[A.]] The component’s resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] The component’s nominal and parasitic reactance + - [[C.]] The component’s inductance and capacitance + - [[D.]] The component’s electrical length and impedance +-- +- [[E5D08]] (D) +What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF? + - [[A.]] Inductance + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Self-discharge + - [[D.]] Skin effect +-- +- [[E5D09]] (B) +What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors? + - [[A.]] It is dissipated as heat in the circuit + - [[B.]] Energy is stored in magnetic or electric fields, but power is not dissipated + - [[C.]] It is canceled by Coulomb forces in the capacitor and inductor + - [[D.]] It is dissipated in the formation of inductive and capacitive fields +-- +- [[E5D10]] (D) +As a conductor’s diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length? + - [[A.]] Thickness has no effect on electrical length + - [[B.]] It varies randomly + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It increases +-- +- [[E5D11]] (B) +How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere? + - [[A.]] 70.7 watts + - [[B.]] 100 watts + - [[C.]] 141.4 watts + - [[D.]] 200 watts +-- +- [[E5D12]] (D) +What is reactive power? + - [[A.]] Power consumed in circuit Q + - [[B.]] Power consumed by an inductor’s wire resistance + - [[C.]] The power consumed in inductors and capacitors + - [[D.]] Wattless, nonproductive power diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..079b4ff --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E5D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E5D RF effects in components and circuits: skin effect; real and reactive power; electrical length of conductors + +- [[E5D01]] (A) +What is the result of conductor skin effect? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance increases as frequency increases because RF current flows closer to the surface + - [[B.]] Resistance decreases as frequency increases because electron mobility increases + - [[C.]] Resistance increases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient + - [[D.]] Resistance decreases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient +-- +- [[E5D02]] (B) +Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above? #card + - [[A.]] To increase the thermal time constant + - [[B.]] To minimize inductive reactance + - [[C.]] To maintain component lifetime + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E5D03]] (C) +What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power? #card + - [[A.]] They are out of phase + - [[B.]] They are in phase + - [[C.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] They are 45 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E5D04]] (B) +Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] To increase neutralizing resistance + - [[B.]] To reduce phase shift along the connection + - [[C.]] To increase compensating capacitance + - [[D.]] To reduce noise figure +-- +- [[E5D05]] (C) +What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Shunt capacitance + - [[C.]] Inductance + - [[D.]] Dielectric leakage +-- +- [[E5D06]] (D) +What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor’s self-resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Coupling + - [[D.]] Inter-turn capacitance +-- +- [[E5D07]] (B) +What combines to create the self-resonance of a component? #card + - [[A.]] The component’s resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] The component’s nominal and parasitic reactance + - [[C.]] The component’s inductance and capacitance + - [[D.]] The component’s electrical length and impedance +-- +- [[E5D08]] (D) +What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF? #card + - [[A.]] Inductance + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Self-discharge + - [[D.]] Skin effect +-- +- [[E5D09]] (B) +What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors? #card + - [[A.]] It is dissipated as heat in the circuit + - [[B.]] Energy is stored in magnetic or electric fields, but power is not dissipated + - [[C.]] It is canceled by Coulomb forces in the capacitor and inductor + - [[D.]] It is dissipated in the formation of inductive and capacitive fields +-- +- [[E5D10]] (D) +As a conductor’s diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length? #card + - [[A.]] Thickness has no effect on electrical length + - [[B.]] It varies randomly + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It increases +-- +- [[E5D11]] (B) +How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere? #card + - [[A.]] 70.7 watts + - [[B.]] 100 watts + - [[C.]] 141.4 watts + - [[D.]] 200 watts +-- +- [[E5D12]] (D) +What is reactive power? #card + - [[A.]] Power consumed in circuit Q + - [[B.]] Power consumed by an inductor’s wire resistance + - [[C.]] The power consumed in inductors and capacitors + - [[D.]] Wattless, nonproductive power diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..06000b9 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E6A Semiconductor materials and devices: semiconductor materials; bipolar junction transistors; operation and types of field-effect transistors + +- [[E6A01]] (C) +In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material? #card + - [[A.]] In high-current rectifier circuits + - [[B.]] In high-power audio circuits + - [[C.]] In microwave circuits + - [[D.]] In very low-frequency RF circuits +-- +- [[E6A02]] (A) +Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons? #card + - [[A.]] N-type + - [[B.]] P-type + - [[C.]] Bipolar + - [[D.]] Insulated gate +-- +- [[E6A03]] (C) +Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased? #card + - [[A.]] Only P-type semiconductor material can conduct current + - [[B.]] Only N-type semiconductor material can conduct current + - [[C.]] Holes in P-type material and electrons in the N-type material are separated by the applied voltage, widening the depletion region + - [[D.]] Excess holes in P-type material combine with the electrons in N-type material, converting the entire diode into an insulator +-- +- [[E6A04]] (C) +What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure? #card + - [[A.]] Insulator impurity + - [[B.]] N-type impurity + - [[C.]] Acceptor impurity + - [[D.]] Donor impurity +-- +- [[E6A05]] (C) +How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) compare with that of a bipolar transistor? #card + - [[A.]] They are both low impedance + - [[B.]] An FET has lower input impedance + - [[C.]] An FET has higher input impedance + - [[D.]] They are both high impedance +-- +- [[E6A06]] (B) +What is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor? #card + - [[A.]] The frequency at which the current gain is reduced to 0.707 + - [[B.]] The change in collector current with respect to the change in base current + - [[C.]] The breakdown voltage of the base-to-collector junction + - [[D.]] The switching speed +-- +- [[E6A07]] (D) +Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on? #card + - [[A.]] Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 6 ohms to 7 ohms + - [[B.]] Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 0.6 ohms to 0.7 ohms + - [[C.]] Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 6 volts to 7 volts + - [[D.]] Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 0.6 volts to 0.7 volts +-- +- [[E6A08]] (D) +What is the term for the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a bipolar junction transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] Corner frequency + - [[B.]] Alpha rejection frequency + - [[C.]] Beta cutoff frequency + - [[D.]] Alpha cutoff frequency +-- +- [[E6A09]] (A) +What is a depletion-mode field-effect transistor (FET)? #card + - [[A.]] An FET that exhibits a current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied + - [[B.]] An FET that has no current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied + - [[C.]] An FET that exhibits very high electron mobility due to a lack of holes in the N-type material + - [[D.]] An FET for which holes are the majority carriers +-- +- [[E6A10]] (B) +In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for an N-channel dual-gate MOSFET? #card + - [[A.]] 2 + - [[B.]] 4 + - [[C.]] 5 + - [[D.]] 6 +-- +- [[E6A11]] (A) +In Figure E6-1, which is the schematic symbol for a P-channel junction FET? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 6 +-- +- [[E6A12]] (D) +What is the purpose of connecting Zener diodes between a MOSFET gate and its source or drain? #card + - [[A.]] To provide a voltage reference for the correct amount of reverse-bias gate voltage + - [[B.]] To protect the substrate from excessive voltages + - [[C.]] To keep the gate voltage within specifications and prevent the device from overheating + - [[D.]] To protect the gate from static damage diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..058efc9 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E6B Diodes + +- [[E6B01]] (B) +What is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode? #card + - [[A.]] A constant current drop under conditions of varying voltage + - [[B.]] A constant voltage drop under conditions of varying current + - [[C.]] A negative resistance region + - [[D.]] An internal capacitance that varies with the applied voltage +-- +- [[E6B02]] (D) +Which characteristic of a Schottky diode makes it a better choice than a silicon junction diode for use as a power supply rectifier? #card + - [[A.]] Much higher reverse voltage breakdown + - [[B.]] More constant reverse avalanche voltage + - [[C.]] Longer carrier retention time + - [[D.]] Lower forward voltage drop +-- +- [[E6B03]] (B) +What property of an LED's semiconductor material determines its forward voltage drop? #card + - [[A.]] Intrinsic resistance + - [[B.]] Band gap + - [[C.]] Junction capacitance + - [[D.]] Junction depth +-- +- [[E6B04]] (A) +What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor? #card + - [[A.]] Varactor diode + - [[B.]] Tunnel diode + - [[C.]] Silicon-controlled rectifier + - [[D.]] Zener diode +-- +- [[E6B05]] (D) +What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch? #card + - [[A.]] Extremely high reverse breakdown voltage + - [[B.]] Ability to dissipate large amounts of power + - [[C.]] Reverse bias controls its forward voltage drop + - [[D.]] Low junction capacitance +-- +- [[E6B06]] (D) +Which of the following is a common use of a Schottky diode? #card + - [[A.]] In oscillator circuits as the negative resistance element + - [[B.]] As a variable capacitance in an automatic frequency control circuit + - [[C.]] In power supplies as a constant voltage reference + - [[D.]] As a VHF/UHF mixer or detector +-- +- [[E6B07]] (B) +What causes a junction diode to fail from excessive current? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive inverse voltage + - [[B.]] Excessive junction temperature + - [[C.]] Insufficient forward voltage + - [[D.]] Charge carrier depletion +-- +- [[E6B08]] (A) +Which of the following is a Schottky barrier diode? #card + - [[A.]] Metal-semiconductor junction + - [[B.]] Electrolytic rectifier + - [[C.]] PIN junction + - [[D.]] Thermionic emission diode +-- +- [[E6B09]] (C) +What is a common use for point-contact diodes? #card + - [[A.]] As a constant current source + - [[B.]] As a constant voltage source + - [[C.]] As an RF detector + - [[D.]] As a high-voltage rectifier +-- +- [[E6B10]] (B) +In Figure E6-2, which is the schematic symbol for a Schottky diode? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 6 + - [[C.]] 2 + - [[D.]] 3 +-- +- [[E6B11]] (A) +What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode? #card + - [[A.]] Forward DC bias current + - [[B.]] A variable RF reference voltage + - [[C.]] Reverse voltage larger than the RF signal + - [[D.]] Capacitance of an RF coupling capacitor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4701172 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.625Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E6C Digital ICs: families of digital ICs; gates; programmable logic devices + +- [[E6C01]] (A) +What is the function of hysteresis in a comparator? #card + - [[A.]] To prevent input noise from causing unstable output signals + - [[B.]] To allow the comparator to be used with AC input signals + - [[C.]] To cause the output to continually change states + - [[D.]] To increase the sensitivity +-- +- [[E6C02]] (B) +What happens when the level of a comparator’s input signal crosses the threshold voltage? #card + - [[A.]] The IC input can be damaged + - [[B.]] The comparator changes its output state + - [[C.]] The reference level appears at the output + - [[D.]] The feedback loop becomes unstable +-- +- [[E6C03]] (A) +What is tri-state logic? #card + - [[A.]] Logic devices with 0, 1, and high-impedance output states + - [[B.]] Logic devices that utilize ternary math + - [[C.]] Logic with three output impedances which can be selected to better match the load impedance + - [[D.]] A counter with eight states +-- +- [[E6C04]] (C) +Which of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic? #card + - [[A.]] Its simplicity results in much less expensive devices than standard CMOS + - [[B.]] It is immune to electrostatic damage + - [[C.]] It has the high input impedance of CMOS and the low output impedance of bipolar transistors + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E6C05]] (D) +Which of the following digital logic families has the lowest power consumption? #card + - [[A.]] Schottky TTL + - [[B.]] ECL + - [[C.]] NMOS + - [[D.]] CMOS +-- +- [[E6C06]] (C) +Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply? #card + - [[A.]] Large bypass capacitance is inherent + - [[B.]] The input switching threshold is about twice the power supply voltage + - [[C.]] The input switching threshold is about half the power supply voltage + - [[D.]] Bandwidth is very limited +-- +- [[E6C07]] (B) +What best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor? #card + - [[A.]] A resistor in a keying circuit used to reduce key clicks + - [[B.]] A resistor connected to the positive or negative supply used to establish a voltage when an input or output is an open circuit + - [[C.]] A resistor that ensures that an oscillator frequency does not drift + - [[D.]] A resistor connected to an op-amp output that prevents signals from exceeding the power supply voltage +-- +- [[E6C08]] (B) +In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NAND gate? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 4 +-- +- [[E6C09]] (B) +What is used to design the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)? #card + - [[A.]] Karnaugh maps + - [[B.]] Hardware description language (HDL) + - [[C.]] An auto-router + - [[D.]] Machine and assembly language +-- +- [[E6C10]] (D) +In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for a NOR gate? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 4 +-- +- [[E6C11]] (C) +In Figure E6-3, which is the schematic symbol for the NOT operation (inversion)? #card + - [[A.]] 2 + - [[B.]] 4 + - [[C.]] 5 + - [[D.]] 6 diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..456be72 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.626Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E6D Inductors and piezoelectricity: permeability, core material and configuration; transformers; piezoelectric devices + +- [[E6D01]] (C) +What is piezoelectricity? #card + - [[A.]] The ability of materials to generate electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency when voltage is applied + - [[B.]] A characteristic of materials that have an index of refraction which depends on the polarization of the electromagnetic wave passing through it + - [[C.]] A characteristic of materials that generate a voltage when stressed and that flex when a voltage is applied + - [[D.]] The ability of materials to generate voltage when an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency is applied +-- +- [[E6D02]] (A) +What is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal? #card + - [[A.]] Series RLC in parallel with a shunt C representing electrode and stray capacitance + - [[B.]] Parallel RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance + - [[C.]] Series RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance + - [[D.]] Parallel RLC, where C is the series combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance +-- +- [[E6D03]] (A) +Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect? #card + - [[A.]] Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a voltage + - [[B.]] Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a magnetic field + - [[C.]] Generation of electrical energy in the presence of light + - [[D.]] Increased conductivity in the presence of light +-- +- [[E6D04]] (B) +Why are cores of inductors and transformers sometimes constructed of thin layers? #card + - [[A.]] To simplify assembly during manufacturing + - [[B.]] To reduce power loss from eddy currents in the core + - [[C.]] To increase the cutoff frequency by reducing capacitance + - [[D.]] To save cost by reducing the amount of magnetic material +-- +- [[E6D05]] (C) +How do ferrite and powdered iron compare for use in an inductor core? #card + - [[A.]] Ferrite cores generally have lower initial permeability + - [[B.]] Ferrite cores generally have better temperature stability + - [[C.]] Ferrite cores generally require fewer turns to produce a given inductance value + - [[D.]] Ferrite cores are easier to use with surface-mount technology +-- +- [[E6D06]] (D) +What core material property determines the inductance of an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Permittivity + - [[B.]] Resistance + - [[C.]] Reactivity + - [[D.]] Permeability +-- +- [[E6D07]] (D) +What is the current that flows in the primary winding of a transformer when there is no load on the secondary winding? #card + - [[A.]] Stabilizing current + - [[B.]] Direct current + - [[C.]] Excitation current + - [[D.]] Magnetizing current +-- +- [[E6D08]] (B) +Which of the following materials has the highest temperature stability of its magnetic characteristics? #card + - [[A.]] Brass + - [[B.]] Powdered iron + - [[C.]] Ferrite + - [[D.]] Aluminum +-- +- [[E6D09]] (C) +What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Electrolytic capacitors + - [[B.]] Butterworth filters + - [[C.]] Ferrite beads + - [[D.]] Steel-core toroids +-- +- [[E6D10]] (A) +What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Toroidal cores confine most of the magnetic field within the core material + - [[B.]] Toroidal cores make it easier to couple the magnetic energy into other components + - [[C.]] Toroidal cores exhibit greater hysteresis + - [[D.]] Toroidal cores have lower Q characteristics +-- +- [[E6D11]] (B) +Which type of core material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil? #card + - [[A.]] Ceramic + - [[B.]] Brass + - [[C.]] Ferrite + - [[D.]] Aluminum +-- +- [[E6D12]] (C) +What causes inductor saturation? #card + - [[A.]] Operation at too high a frequency + - [[B.]] Selecting a core with low permeability + - [[C.]] Operation at excessive magnetic flux + - [[D.]] Selecting a core with excessive permittivity diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..edc303c --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E6E Semiconductor materials and packages for RF use + +- [[E6E01]] (B) +Why is gallium arsenide (GaAs) useful for semiconductor devices operating at UHF and higher frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Higher noise figures + - [[B.]] Higher electron mobility + - [[C.]] Lower junction voltage drop + - [[D.]] Lower transconductance +-- +- [[E6E02]] (A) +Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type? #card + - [[A.]] DIP + - [[B.]] PLCC + - [[C.]] BGA + - [[D.]] SOT +-- +- [[E6E03]] (D) +Which of the following materials supports the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] Silicon + - [[B.]] Silicon nitride + - [[C.]] Silicon dioxide + - [[D.]] Gallium nitride +-- +- [[E6E04]] (A) +Which is the most common input and output impedance of MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms + - [[B.]] 300 ohms + - [[C.]] 450 ohms + - [[D.]] 75 ohms +-- +- [[E6E05]] (A) +Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 dB + - [[B.]] -10 dB + - [[C.]] 44 dBm + - [[D.]] -20 dBm +-- +- [[E6E06]] (D) +What characteristics of MMICs make them a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits? #card + - [[A.]] The ability to retrieve information from a single signal, even in the presence of other strong signals + - [[B.]] Extremely high Q factor and high stability over a wide temperature range + - [[C.]] Nearly infinite gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance + - [[D.]] Controlled gain, low noise figure, and constant input and output impedance over the specified frequency range +-- +- [[E6E07]] (D) +What type of transmission line is often used for connections to MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] Miniature coax + - [[B.]] Circular waveguide + - [[C.]] Parallel wire + - [[D.]] Microstrip +-- +- [[E6E08]] (C) +How is power supplied to the most common type of MMIC? #card + - [[A.]] Through a capacitor and RF choke connected to the amplifier input lead + - [[B.]] MMICs require no operating bias + - [[C.]] Through a resistor and/or RF choke connected to the amplifier output lead + - [[D.]] Directly to the bias voltage (Vcc) lead +-- +- [[E6E09]] (D) +Which of the following component package types have the least parasitic effects at frequencies above the HF range? #card + - [[A.]] TO-220 + - [[B.]] Axial lead + - [[C.]] Radial lead + - [[D.]] Surface mount +-- +- [[E6E10]] (D) +What advantage does surface-mount technology offer at RF compared to using through-hole components? #card + - [[A.]] Smaller circuit area + - [[B.]] Shorter circuit board traces + - [[C.]] Components have less parasitic inductance and capacitance + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E6E11]] (D) +What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Extremely low stray capacitance (dielectrically isolated package) + - [[B.]] Extremely high resistance between pins (doubly insulated package) + - [[C.]] Two chips in each package (dual in package) + - [[D.]] Two rows of connecting pins on opposite sides of package (dual in-line package) +-- +- [[E6E12]] (C) +Why are DIP through-hole package ICs not typically used at UHF and higher frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive dielectric loss + - [[B.]] Epoxy coating is conductive above 300 MHz + - [[C.]] Excessive lead length + - [[D.]] Unsuitable for combining analog and digital signals diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2ceae6 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E6F Electro-optical technology: photoconductivity; photovoltaic devices; optical sensors and encoders; optically isolated switching + +- [[E6F01]] (C) +What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell? + - [[A.]] Protons + - [[B.]] Photons + - [[C.]] Electrons + - [[D.]] Holes +-- +- [[E6F02]] (A) +What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it? + - [[A.]] Resistance decreases + - [[B.]] Resistance increases + - [[C.]] Reflectivity increases + - [[D.]] Reflectivity decreases +-- +- [[E6F03]] (D) +What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler? + - [[A.]] A lens and a photomultiplier + - [[B.]] A frequency-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[C.]] An amplitude-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[D.]] An LED and a phototransistor +-- +- [[E6F04]] (B) +What is the photovoltaic effect? + - [[A.]] The conversion of voltage to current when exposed to light + - [[B.]] The conversion of light to electrical energy + - [[C.]] The effect that causes a photodiode to emit light when a voltage is applied + - [[D.]] The effect that causes a phototransistor’s beta to decrease when exposed to light +-- +- [[E6F05]] (A) +Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder? + - [[A.]] A device that detects rotation by interrupting a light source with a patterned wheel + - [[B.]] A device that measures the strength of a beam of light using analog-to-digital conversion + - [[C.]] An optical computing device in which light is coupled between devices by fiber optics + - [[D.]] A device for generating RTTY signals by means of a rotating light source +-- +- [[E6F06]] (C) +Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices? + - [[A.]] Polyphenol acetate + - [[B.]] Argon + - [[C.]] Crystalline semiconductor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E6F07]] (B) +What is a solid-state relay? + - [[A.]] A relay that uses transistors to drive the relay coil + - [[B.]] A device that uses semiconductors to implement the functions of an electromechanical relay + - [[C.]] A mechanical relay that latches in the on or off state each time it is pulsed + - [[D.]] A semiconductor switch that uses a monostable multivibrator circuit +-- +- [[E6F08]] (C) +Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits? + - [[A.]] Optoisolators provide a low-impedance link between a control circuit and a power circuit + - [[B.]] Optoisolators provide impedance matching between the control circuit and power circuit + - [[C.]] Optoisolators provide an electrical isolation between a control circuit and the circuit being switched + - [[D.]] Optoisolators eliminate the effects of reflected light in the control circuit +-- +- [[E6F09]] (D) +What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell? + - [[A.]] The output RF power divided by the input DC power + - [[B.]] The output in lumens divided by the input power in watts + - [[C.]] The open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current under full illumination + - [[D.]] The relative fraction of light that is converted to current +-- +- [[E6F10]] (B) +What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells? + - [[A.]] Selenium + - [[B.]] Silicon + - [[C.]] Cadmium sulfide + - [[D.]] Indium arsenide +-- +- [[E6F11]] (A) +What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell? + - [[A.]] 0.5 volts + - [[B.]] 0.7 volts + - [[C.]] 1.1 volts + - [[D.]] 1.5 volts diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fe34279 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E6F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E6F Electro-optical technology: photoconductivity; photovoltaic devices; optical sensors and encoders; optically isolated switching + +- [[E6F01]] (C) +What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] Protons + - [[B.]] Photons + - [[C.]] Electrons + - [[D.]] Holes +-- +- [[E6F02]] (A) +What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance decreases + - [[B.]] Resistance increases + - [[C.]] Reflectivity increases + - [[D.]] Reflectivity decreases +-- +- [[E6F03]] (D) +What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler? #card + - [[A.]] A lens and a photomultiplier + - [[B.]] A frequency-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[C.]] An amplitude-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[D.]] An LED and a phototransistor +-- +- [[E6F04]] (B) +What is the photovoltaic effect? #card + - [[A.]] The conversion of voltage to current when exposed to light + - [[B.]] The conversion of light to electrical energy + - [[C.]] The effect that causes a photodiode to emit light when a voltage is applied + - [[D.]] The effect that causes a phototransistor’s beta to decrease when exposed to light +-- +- [[E6F05]] (A) +Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder? #card + - [[A.]] A device that detects rotation by interrupting a light source with a patterned wheel + - [[B.]] A device that measures the strength of a beam of light using analog-to-digital conversion + - [[C.]] An optical computing device in which light is coupled between devices by fiber optics + - [[D.]] A device for generating RTTY signals by means of a rotating light source +-- +- [[E6F06]] (C) +Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices? #card + - [[A.]] Polyphenol acetate + - [[B.]] Argon + - [[C.]] Crystalline semiconductor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E6F07]] (B) +What is a solid-state relay? #card + - [[A.]] A relay that uses transistors to drive the relay coil + - [[B.]] A device that uses semiconductors to implement the functions of an electromechanical relay + - [[C.]] A mechanical relay that latches in the on or off state each time it is pulsed + - [[D.]] A semiconductor switch that uses a monostable multivibrator circuit +-- +- [[E6F08]] (C) +Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Optoisolators provide a low-impedance link between a control circuit and a power circuit + - [[B.]] Optoisolators provide impedance matching between the control circuit and power circuit + - [[C.]] Optoisolators provide an electrical isolation between a control circuit and the circuit being switched + - [[D.]] Optoisolators eliminate the effects of reflected light in the control circuit +-- +- [[E6F09]] (D) +What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] The output RF power divided by the input DC power + - [[B.]] The output in lumens divided by the input power in watts + - [[C.]] The open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current under full illumination + - [[D.]] The relative fraction of light that is converted to current +-- +- [[E6F10]] (B) +What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells? #card + - [[A.]] Selenium + - [[B.]] Silicon + - [[C.]] Cadmium sulfide + - [[D.]] Indium arsenide +-- +- [[E6F11]] (A) +What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 volts + - [[B.]] 0.7 volts + - [[C.]] 1.1 volts + - [[D.]] 1.5 volts diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..223f3da --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7A Digital circuits: digital circuit principles and logic circuits; classes of logic elements; positive and negative logic; frequency dividers; truth tables + +- [[E7A01]] (C) +Which circuit is bistable? #card + - [[A.]] An AND gate + - [[B.]] An OR gate + - [[C.]] A flip-flop + - [[D.]] A bipolar amplifier +-- +- [[E7A02]] (A) +What is the function of a decade counter? #card + - [[A.]] It produces one output pulse for every 10 input pulses + - [[B.]] It decodes a decimal number for display on a seven-segment LED display + - [[C.]] It produces 10 output pulses for every input pulse + - [[D.]] It decodes a binary number for display on a seven-segment LED display +-- +- [[E7A03]] (B) +Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2? #card + - [[A.]] An XOR gate + - [[B.]] A flip-flop + - [[C.]] An OR gate + - [[D.]] A multiplexer +-- +- [[E7A04]] (A) +How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 16? #card + - [[A.]] 4 + - [[B.]] 6 + - [[C.]] 8 + - [[D.]] 16 +-- +- [[E7A05]] (D) +Which of the following circuits continuously alternates between two states without an external clock signal? #card + - [[A.]] Monostable multivibrator + - [[B.]] J-K flip-flop + - [[C.]] T flip-flop + - [[D.]] Astable multivibrator +-- +- [[E7A06]] (A) +What is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator? #card + - [[A.]] It switches temporarily to an alternate state for a set time + - [[B.]] It produces a continuous square wave + - [[C.]] It stores one bit of data + - [[D.]] It maintains a constant output voltage, regardless of variations in the input voltage +-- +- [[E7A07]] (D) +What logical operation does a NAND gate perform? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0 + - [[B.]] It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 1 +-- +- [[E7A08]] (A) +What logical operation does an OR gate perform? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 1 at its output if any input is 1 + - [[B.]] It produces a 0 at its output if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 1 at its output if all inputs are 0 +-- +- [[E7A09]] (C) +What logical operation is performed by a two-input exclusive NOR gate? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0 + - [[B.]] It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if one and only one of its inputs is 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 1 at its output if one and only one input is 1 +-- +- [[E7A10]] (B) +What is a truth table? #card + - [[A.]] A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for an op-amp + - [[B.]] A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for a digital device + - [[C.]] A diagram showing logic states when the digital gate output is true + - [[D.]] A table of logic symbols that indicate the logic states of an op-amp +-- +- [[E7A11]] (B) +What does “positive logic” mean in reference to logic devices? + - [[A.]] The logic devices have high noise immunity + - [[B.]] High voltage represents a 1, low voltage a 0 + - [[C.]] The logic circuit is in the “true” condition + - [[D.]] 1s and 0s are defined as different positive voltage levels diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..101c93a --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_29.894Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E7B Amplifiers: class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; spurious and parasitic suppression; switching-type amplifiers + +- [[E7B01]] (A) +For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct? + - [[A.]] More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees + - [[B.]] Exactly 180 degrees + - [[C.]] The entire cycle + - [[D.]] Less than 180 degrees +-- +- [[E7B02]] (A) +What is a Class D amplifier? + - [[A.]] An amplifier that uses switching technology to achieve high efficiency + - [[B.]] A low power amplifier that uses a differential amplifier for improved linearity + - [[C.]] An amplifier that uses drift-mode FETs for high efficiency + - [[D.]] An amplifier biased to be relatively free from distortion +-- +- [[E7B03]] (A) +What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier? + - [[A.]] A filter to remove harmonic content + - [[B.]] A high-pass filter to compensate for low gain at low frequencies + - [[C.]] A matched load resistor to prevent damage by switching transients + - [[D.]] A temperature compensating load resistor to improve linearity +-- +- [[E7B04]] (A) +What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier? + - [[A.]] Approximately halfway between saturation and cutoff + - [[B.]] Approximately halfway between the emitter voltage and the base voltage + - [[C.]] At a point where the bias resistor equals the load resistor + - [[D.]] At a point where the load line intersects the zero bias current curve +-- +- [[E7B05]] (C) +What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier? + - [[A.]] Tune the stage for minimum loading + - [[B.]] Tune both the input and output for maximum power + - [[C.]] Install parasitic suppressors and/or neutralize the stage + - [[D.]] Use a phase inverter in the output filter +-- +- [[E7B06]] (B) +What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier? + - [[A.]] High power gain + - [[B.]] Low input impedance + - [[C.]] High electrostatic damage protection + - [[D.]] Low bandwidth +-- +- [[E7B07]] (D) +Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal? + - [[A.]] Reduced intermodulation products + - [[B.]] Increased overall intelligibility + - [[C.]] Reduced third-order intermodulation + - [[D.]] Signal distortion and excessive bandwidth +-- +- [[E7B08]] (B) +Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers? + - [[A.]] Switching amplifiers operate at higher voltages + - [[B.]] The switching device is at saturation or cutoff most of the time + - [[C.]] Linear amplifiers have high gain resulting in higher harmonic content + - [[D.]] Switching amplifiers use push-pull circuits +-- +- [[E7B09]] (D) +What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier? + - [[A.]] Low input impedance and phase inversion from input to output + - [[B.]] Differential inputs and single output + - [[C.]] Acts as an OR circuit if one input is grounded + - [[D.]] Input and output signals in-phase +-- +- [[E7B10]] (B) +In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R1 and R2? + - [[A.]] Load resistors + - [[B.]] Voltage divider bias + - [[C.]] Self bias + - [[D.]] Feedback +-- +- [[E7B11]] (D) +In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R3? + - [[A.]] Fixed bias + - [[B.]] Emitter bypass + - [[C.]] Output load resistor + - [[D.]] Self bias +-- +- [[E7B12]] (C) +What type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure E7-1? + - [[A.]] Common base + - [[B.]] Common collector + - [[C.]] Common emitter + - [[D.]] Emitter follower diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..52ffd58 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E7B Amplifiers: class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; spurious and parasitic suppression; switching-type amplifiers + +- [[E7B01]] (A) +For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct? #card + - [[A.]] More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees + - [[B.]] Exactly 180 degrees + - [[C.]] The entire cycle + - [[D.]] Less than 180 degrees +-- +- [[E7B02]] (A) +What is a Class D amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] An amplifier that uses switching technology to achieve high efficiency + - [[B.]] A low power amplifier that uses a differential amplifier for improved linearity + - [[C.]] An amplifier that uses drift-mode FETs for high efficiency + - [[D.]] An amplifier biased to be relatively free from distortion +-- +- [[E7B03]] (A) +What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] A filter to remove harmonic content + - [[B.]] A high-pass filter to compensate for low gain at low frequencies + - [[C.]] A matched load resistor to prevent damage by switching transients + - [[D.]] A temperature compensating load resistor to improve linearity +-- +- [[E7B04]] (A) +What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Approximately halfway between saturation and cutoff + - [[B.]] Approximately halfway between the emitter voltage and the base voltage + - [[C.]] At a point where the bias resistor equals the load resistor + - [[D.]] At a point where the load line intersects the zero bias current curve +-- +- [[E7B05]] (C) +What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Tune the stage for minimum loading + - [[B.]] Tune both the input and output for maximum power + - [[C.]] Install parasitic suppressors and/or neutralize the stage + - [[D.]] Use a phase inverter in the output filter +-- +- [[E7B06]] (B) +What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] High power gain + - [[B.]] Low input impedance + - [[C.]] High electrostatic damage protection + - [[D.]] Low bandwidth +-- +- [[E7B07]] (D) +Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] Reduced intermodulation products + - [[B.]] Increased overall intelligibility + - [[C.]] Reduced third-order intermodulation + - [[D.]] Signal distortion and excessive bandwidth +-- +- [[E7B08]] (B) +Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers? #card + - [[A.]] Switching amplifiers operate at higher voltages + - [[B.]] The switching device is at saturation or cutoff most of the time + - [[C.]] Linear amplifiers have high gain resulting in higher harmonic content + - [[D.]] Switching amplifiers use push-pull circuits +-- +- [[E7B09]] (D) +What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Low input impedance and phase inversion from input to output + - [[B.]] Differential inputs and single output + - [[C.]] Acts as an OR circuit if one input is grounded + - [[D.]] Input and output signals in-phase +-- +- [[E7B10]] (B) +In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R1 and R2? #card + - [[A.]] Load resistors + - [[B.]] Voltage divider bias + - [[C.]] Self bias + - [[D.]] Feedback +-- +- [[E7B11]] (D) +In Figure E7-1, what is the purpose of R3? #card + - [[A.]] Fixed bias + - [[B.]] Emitter bypass + - [[C.]] Output load resistor + - [[D.]] Self bias +-- +- [[E7B12]] (C) +What type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure E7-1? #card + - [[A.]] Common base + - [[B.]] Common collector + - [[C.]] Common emitter + - [[D.]] Emitter follower diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a28648 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7C Filters and matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter characteristics; impedance matching + +- [[E7C01]] (D) +How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network’s input and output? + - [[A.]] Two inductors are in series between the input and output, and a capacitor is connected between the two inductors and ground + - [[B.]] Two capacitors are in series between the input and output, and an inductor is connected between the two capacitors and ground + - [[C.]] An inductor is connected between the input and ground, another inductor is connected between the output and ground, and a capacitor is connected between the input and output + - [[D.]] A capacitor is connected between the input and ground, another capacitor is connected between the output and ground, and an inductor is connected between the input and output +-- +- [[E7C02]] (B) +What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor? + - [[A.]] Low-pass + - [[B.]] High-pass + - [[C.]] Band-pass + - [[D.]] Notch +-- +- [[E7C03]] (A) +What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network? + - [[A.]] Greater harmonic suppression + - [[B.]] Higher efficiency + - [[C.]] To eliminate one capacitor + - [[D.]] Greater transformation range +-- +- [[E7C04]] (C) +How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance? + - [[A.]] It introduces negative resistance to cancel the resistive part of impedance + - [[B.]] It introduces transconductance to cancel the reactive part of impedance + - [[C.]] It cancels the reactive part of the impedance and changes the resistive part to the desired value + - [[D.]] Reactive currents are dissipated in matched resistances +-- +- [[E7C05]] (D) +Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff? + - [[A.]] A Butterworth filter + - [[B.]] An active LC filter + - [[C.]] A passive op-amp filter + - [[D.]] A Chebyshev filter +-- +- [[E7C06]] (C) +What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter? + - [[A.]] Gradual passband rolloff with minimal stop-band ripple + - [[B.]] Extremely flat response over its pass band with gradually rounded stop-band corners + - [[C.]] Extremely sharp cutoff with one or more notches in the stop band + - [[D.]] Gradual passband rolloff with extreme stop-band ripple +-- +- [[E7C07]] (B) +Which describes a Pi-L network? + - [[A.]] A Phase Inverter Load network + - [[B.]] A Pi-network with an additional output series inductor + - [[C.]] A network with only three discrete parts + - [[D.]] A matching network in which all components are isolated from ground +-- +- [[E7C08]] (B) +Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers? + - [[A.]] A Sallen-Key filter + - [[B.]] A helical filter + - [[C.]] A swinging choke filter + - [[D.]] A finite impulse response filter +-- +- [[E7C09]] (D) +What is a crystal lattice filter? + - [[A.]] A power supply filter made with interlaced quartz crystals + - [[B.]] An audio filter made with four quartz crystals that resonate at 1 kHz intervals + - [[C.]] A filter using lattice-shaped quartz crystals for high-Q performance + - [[D.]] A filter for low-level signals made using quartz crystals +-- +- [[E7C10]] (B) +Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer? + - [[A.]] A crystal filter + - [[B.]] A cavity filter + - [[C.]] A DSP filter + - [[D.]] An L-C filter +-- +- [[E7C11]] (C) +Which of the following measures a filter’s ability to reject signals in adjacent channels? + - [[A.]] Passband ripple + - [[B.]] Phase response + - [[C.]] Shape factor + - [[D.]] Noise factor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c9e081b --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.627Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7C Filters and matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter characteristics; impedance matching + +- [[E7C01]] (D) +How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network’s input and output? #card + - [[A.]] Two inductors are in series between the input and output, and a capacitor is connected between the two inductors and ground + - [[B.]] Two capacitors are in series between the input and output, and an inductor is connected between the two capacitors and ground + - [[C.]] An inductor is connected between the input and ground, another inductor is connected between the output and ground, and a capacitor is connected between the input and output + - [[D.]] A capacitor is connected between the input and ground, another capacitor is connected between the output and ground, and an inductor is connected between the input and output +-- +- [[E7C02]] (B) +What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Low-pass + - [[B.]] High-pass + - [[C.]] Band-pass + - [[D.]] Notch +-- +- [[E7C03]] (A) +What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network? #card + - [[A.]] Greater harmonic suppression + - [[B.]] Higher efficiency + - [[C.]] To eliminate one capacitor + - [[D.]] Greater transformation range +-- +- [[E7C04]] (C) +How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance? #card + - [[A.]] It introduces negative resistance to cancel the resistive part of impedance + - [[B.]] It introduces transconductance to cancel the reactive part of impedance + - [[C.]] It cancels the reactive part of the impedance and changes the resistive part to the desired value + - [[D.]] Reactive currents are dissipated in matched resistances +-- +- [[E7C05]] (D) +Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff? #card + - [[A.]] A Butterworth filter + - [[B.]] An active LC filter + - [[C.]] A passive op-amp filter + - [[D.]] A Chebyshev filter +-- +- [[E7C06]] (C) +What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter? #card + - [[A.]] Gradual passband rolloff with minimal stop-band ripple + - [[B.]] Extremely flat response over its pass band with gradually rounded stop-band corners + - [[C.]] Extremely sharp cutoff with one or more notches in the stop band + - [[D.]] Gradual passband rolloff with extreme stop-band ripple +-- +- [[E7C07]] (B) +Which describes a Pi-L network? #card + - [[A.]] A Phase Inverter Load network + - [[B.]] A Pi-network with an additional output series inductor + - [[C.]] A network with only three discrete parts + - [[D.]] A matching network in which all components are isolated from ground +-- +- [[E7C08]] (B) +Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers? #card + - [[A.]] A Sallen-Key filter + - [[B.]] A helical filter + - [[C.]] A swinging choke filter + - [[D.]] A finite impulse response filter +-- +- [[E7C09]] (D) +What is a crystal lattice filter? #card + - [[A.]] A power supply filter made with interlaced quartz crystals + - [[B.]] An audio filter made with four quartz crystals that resonate at 1 kHz intervals + - [[C.]] A filter using lattice-shaped quartz crystals for high-Q performance + - [[D.]] A filter for low-level signals made using quartz crystals +-- +- [[E7C10]] (B) +Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer? #card + - [[A.]] A crystal filter + - [[B.]] A cavity filter + - [[C.]] A DSP filter + - [[D.]] An L-C filter +-- +- [[E7C11]] (C) +Which of the following measures a filter’s ability to reject signals in adjacent channels? #card + - [[A.]] Passband ripple + - [[B.]] Phase response + - [[C.]] Shape factor + - [[D.]] Noise factor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba81634 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.895Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +E7D Power supplies and voltage regulators; solar array charge controllers + +- [[E7D01]] (D) +How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work? + - [[A.]] It has a ramp voltage as its output + - [[B.]] It eliminates the need for a pass transistor + - [[C.]] The control element duty cycle is proportional to the line or load conditions + - [[D.]] The conduction of a control element is varied to maintain a constant output voltage +-- +- [[E7D02]] (B) +How does a switchmode voltage regulator work? + - [[A.]] By alternating the output between positive and negative voltages + - [[B.]] By varying the duty cycle of pulses input to a filter + - [[C.]] By varying the conductivity of a pass element + - [[D.]] By switching between two Zener diode reference voltages +-- +- [[E7D03]] (A) +What device is used as a stable voltage reference? + - [[A.]] A Zener diode + - [[B.]] A digital-to-analog converter + - [[C.]] An SCR + - [[D.]] An analog-to-digital converter +-- +- [[E7D04]] (B) +Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator? + - [[A.]] A series current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt regulator + - [[D.]] A shunt current source +-- +- [[E7D05]] (D) +Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source? + - [[A.]] A constant current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt current source + - [[D.]] A shunt regulator +-- +- [[E7D06]] (C) +What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2? + - [[A.]] It provides negative feedback to improve regulation + - [[B.]] It provides a constant load for the voltage source + - [[C.]] It controls the current to keep the output voltage constant + - [[D.]] It provides regulation by switching or “chopping” the input DC voltage +-- +- [[E7D07]] (A) +What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2? + - [[A.]] It bypasses rectifier output ripple around D1 + - [[B.]] It is a brute force filter for the output + - [[C.]] To prevent self-oscillation + - [[D.]] To provide fixed DC bias for Q1 +-- +- [[E7D08]] (C) +What type of circuit is shown in Figure E7-2? + - [[A.]] Switching voltage regulator + - [[B.]] Common emitter amplifier + - [[C.]] Linear voltage regulator + - [[D.]] Common base amplifier +-- +- [[E7D09]] (C) +How is battery operating time calculated? + - [[A.]] Average current divided by capacity in amp-hours + - [[B.]] Average current divided by internal resistance + - [[C.]] Capacity in amp-hours divided by average current + - [[D.]] Internal resistance divided by average current +-- +- [[E7D10]] (C) +Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply? + - [[A.]] The inverter design does not require an output filter circuit + - [[B.]] The control circuitry uses less current, therefore smaller heat sinks are required + - [[C.]] The high frequency inverter design uses much smaller transformers and filter components for an equivalent power output + - [[D.]] It recovers power from the unused portion of the AC cycle, thus using fewer components +-- +- [[E7D11]] (D) +What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output? + - [[A.]] Reduce AC ripple on the output + - [[B.]] Maintain voltage with varying illumination levels + - [[C.]] Prevent discharge when panel is not illuminated + - [[D.]] Convert the panel’s output from DC to AC +-- +- [[E7D12]] (C) +What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator? + - [[A.]] Minimum input voltage for rated power dissipation + - [[B.]] Maximum output voltage drop when the input voltage is varied over its specified range + - [[C.]] Minimum input-to-output voltage required to maintain regulation + - [[D.]] Maximum that the output voltage may decrease at rated load +-- +- [[E7D13]] (C) +Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator? + - [[A.]] Input voltage multiplied by input current + - [[B.]] Input voltage divided by output current + - [[C.]] Voltage difference from input to output multiplied by output current + - [[D.]] Output voltage multiplied by output current +-- +- [[E7D14]] (D) +What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series? + - [[A.]] Equalize the voltage across each capacitor + - [[B.]] Discharge the capacitors when voltage is removed + - [[C.]] Provide a minimum load on the supply + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E7D15]] (D) +What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply? + - [[A.]] To provide a dual-voltage output for reduced power applications + - [[B.]] To compensate for variations of the incoming line voltage + - [[C.]] To prevent arcing across the input power switch or relay contacts + - [[D.]] To allow the filter capacitors to charge gradually diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ffa12bd --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.629Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +E7D Power supplies and voltage regulators; solar array charge controllers + +- [[E7D01]] (D) +How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work? #card + - [[A.]] It has a ramp voltage as its output + - [[B.]] It eliminates the need for a pass transistor + - [[C.]] The control element duty cycle is proportional to the line or load conditions + - [[D.]] The conduction of a control element is varied to maintain a constant output voltage +-- +- [[E7D02]] (B) +How does a switchmode voltage regulator work? #card + - [[A.]] By alternating the output between positive and negative voltages + - [[B.]] By varying the duty cycle of pulses input to a filter + - [[C.]] By varying the conductivity of a pass element + - [[D.]] By switching between two Zener diode reference voltages +-- +- [[E7D03]] (A) +What device is used as a stable voltage reference? #card + - [[A.]] A Zener diode + - [[B.]] A digital-to-analog converter + - [[C.]] An SCR + - [[D.]] An analog-to-digital converter +-- +- [[E7D04]] (B) +Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] A series current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt regulator + - [[D.]] A shunt current source +-- +- [[E7D05]] (D) +Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source? #card + - [[A.]] A constant current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt current source + - [[D.]] A shunt regulator +-- +- [[E7D06]] (C) +What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2? #card + - [[A.]] It provides negative feedback to improve regulation + - [[B.]] It provides a constant load for the voltage source + - [[C.]] It controls the current to keep the output voltage constant + - [[D.]] It provides regulation by switching or “chopping” the input DC voltage +-- +- [[E7D07]] (A) +What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure E7-2? #card + - [[A.]] It bypasses rectifier output ripple around D1 + - [[B.]] It is a brute force filter for the output + - [[C.]] To prevent self-oscillation + - [[D.]] To provide fixed DC bias for Q1 +-- +- [[E7D08]] (C) +What type of circuit is shown in Figure E7-2? #card + - [[A.]] Switching voltage regulator + - [[B.]] Common emitter amplifier + - [[C.]] Linear voltage regulator + - [[D.]] Common base amplifier +-- +- [[E7D09]] (C) +How is battery operating time calculated? #card + - [[A.]] Average current divided by capacity in amp-hours + - [[B.]] Average current divided by internal resistance + - [[C.]] Capacity in amp-hours divided by average current + - [[D.]] Internal resistance divided by average current +-- +- [[E7D10]] (C) +Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply? #card + - [[A.]] The inverter design does not require an output filter circuit + - [[B.]] The control circuitry uses less current, therefore smaller heat sinks are required + - [[C.]] The high frequency inverter design uses much smaller transformers and filter components for an equivalent power output + - [[D.]] It recovers power from the unused portion of the AC cycle, thus using fewer components +-- +- [[E7D11]] (D) +What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output? #card + - [[A.]] Reduce AC ripple on the output + - [[B.]] Maintain voltage with varying illumination levels + - [[C.]] Prevent discharge when panel is not illuminated + - [[D.]] Convert the panel’s output from DC to AC +-- +- [[E7D12]] (C) +What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] Minimum input voltage for rated power dissipation + - [[B.]] Maximum output voltage drop when the input voltage is varied over its specified range + - [[C.]] Minimum input-to-output voltage required to maintain regulation + - [[D.]] Maximum that the output voltage may decrease at rated load +-- +- [[E7D13]] (C) +Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] Input voltage multiplied by input current + - [[B.]] Input voltage divided by output current + - [[C.]] Voltage difference from input to output multiplied by output current + - [[D.]] Output voltage multiplied by output current +-- +- [[E7D14]] (D) +What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series? #card + - [[A.]] Equalize the voltage across each capacitor + - [[B.]] Discharge the capacitors when voltage is removed + - [[C.]] Provide a minimum load on the supply + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E7D15]] (D) +What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply? #card + - [[A.]] To provide a dual-voltage output for reduced power applications + - [[B.]] To compensate for variations of the incoming line voltage + - [[C.]] To prevent arcing across the input power switch or relay contacts + - [[D.]] To allow the filter capacitors to charge gradually diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0d2491 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7E Modulation and demodulation: reactance, phase, and balanced modulators; detectors; mixers + +- [[E7E01]] (B) +Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals? + - [[A.]] Balanced modulation of the audio amplifier + - [[B.]] Reactance modulation of a local oscillator + - [[C.]] Reactance modulation of the final amplifier + - [[D.]] Balanced modulation of a local oscillator +-- +- [[E7E02]] (D) +What is the function of a reactance modulator? + - [[A.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a resistance + - [[B.]] Produce AM signals by varying an inductance + - [[C.]] Produce AM signals by varying a resistance + - [[D.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a capacitance +-- +- [[E7E03]] (D) +What is a frequency discriminator? + - [[A.]] An FM generator circuit + - [[B.]] A circuit for filtering closely adjacent signals + - [[C.]] An automatic band-switching circuit + - [[D.]] A circuit for detecting FM signals +-- +- [[E7E04]] (A) +What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal? + - [[A.]] Use a balanced modulator followed by a filter + - [[B.]] Use a reactance modulator followed by a mixer + - [[C.]] Use a loop modulator followed by a mixer + - [[D.]] Use a product detector with a DSB signal +-- +- [[E7E05]] (D) +What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies? + - [[A.]] A de-emphasis network + - [[B.]] A harmonic enhancer + - [[C.]] A heterodyne enhancer + - [[D.]] A pre-emphasis network +-- +- [[E7E06]] (A) +Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers? + - [[A.]] For compatibility with transmitters using phase modulation + - [[B.]] To reduce impulse noise reception + - [[C.]] For higher efficiency + - [[D.]] To remove third-order distortion products +-- +- [[E7E07]] (B) +What is meant by the term “baseband” in radio communications? + - [[A.]] The lowest frequency band that the transmitter or receiver covers + - [[B.]] The frequency range occupied by a message signal prior to modulation + - [[C.]] The unmodulated bandwidth of the transmitted signal + - [[D.]] The basic oscillator frequency in an FM transmitter that is multiplied to increase the deviation and carrier frequency +-- +- [[E7E08]] (C) +What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer? + - [[A.]] Two and four times the input frequency + - [[B.]] The square root of the product of input frequencies + - [[C.]] The two input frequencies along with their sum and difference frequencies + - [[D.]] 1.414 and 0.707 times the input frequency +-- +- [[E7E09]] (A) +What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high? + - [[A.]] Spurious mixer products are generated + - [[B.]] Mixer blanking occurs + - [[C.]] Automatic limiting occurs + - [[D.]] Excessive AGC voltage levels are generated +-- +- [[E7E10]] (A) +How does a diode envelope detector function? + - [[A.]] By rectification and filtering of RF signals + - [[B.]] By breakdown of the Zener voltage + - [[C.]] By mixing signals with noise in the transition region of the diode + - [[D.]] By sensing the change of reactance in the diode with respect to frequency +-- +- [[E7E11]] (C) +Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals? + - [[A.]] Discriminator + - [[B.]] Phase detector + - [[C.]] Product detector + - [[D.]] Phase comparator diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..95fc43c --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.628Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7E Modulation and demodulation: reactance, phase, and balanced modulators; detectors; mixers + +- [[E7E01]] (B) +Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals? #card + - [[A.]] Balanced modulation of the audio amplifier + - [[B.]] Reactance modulation of a local oscillator + - [[C.]] Reactance modulation of the final amplifier + - [[D.]] Balanced modulation of a local oscillator +-- +- [[E7E02]] (D) +What is the function of a reactance modulator? #card + - [[A.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a resistance + - [[B.]] Produce AM signals by varying an inductance + - [[C.]] Produce AM signals by varying a resistance + - [[D.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a capacitance +-- +- [[E7E03]] (D) +What is a frequency discriminator? #card + - [[A.]] An FM generator circuit + - [[B.]] A circuit for filtering closely adjacent signals + - [[C.]] An automatic band-switching circuit + - [[D.]] A circuit for detecting FM signals +-- +- [[E7E04]] (A) +What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] Use a balanced modulator followed by a filter + - [[B.]] Use a reactance modulator followed by a mixer + - [[C.]] Use a loop modulator followed by a mixer + - [[D.]] Use a product detector with a DSB signal +-- +- [[E7E05]] (D) +What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] A de-emphasis network + - [[B.]] A harmonic enhancer + - [[C.]] A heterodyne enhancer + - [[D.]] A pre-emphasis network +-- +- [[E7E06]] (A) +Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers? #card + - [[A.]] For compatibility with transmitters using phase modulation + - [[B.]] To reduce impulse noise reception + - [[C.]] For higher efficiency + - [[D.]] To remove third-order distortion products +-- +- [[E7E07]] (B) +What is meant by the term “baseband” in radio communications? #card + - [[A.]] The lowest frequency band that the transmitter or receiver covers + - [[B.]] The frequency range occupied by a message signal prior to modulation + - [[C.]] The unmodulated bandwidth of the transmitted signal + - [[D.]] The basic oscillator frequency in an FM transmitter that is multiplied to increase the deviation and carrier frequency +-- +- [[E7E08]] (C) +What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer? #card + - [[A.]] Two and four times the input frequency + - [[B.]] The square root of the product of input frequencies + - [[C.]] The two input frequencies along with their sum and difference frequencies + - [[D.]] 1.414 and 0.707 times the input frequency +-- +- [[E7E09]] (A) +What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high? #card + - [[A.]] Spurious mixer products are generated + - [[B.]] Mixer blanking occurs + - [[C.]] Automatic limiting occurs + - [[D.]] Excessive AGC voltage levels are generated +-- +- [[E7E10]] (A) +How does a diode envelope detector function? #card + - [[A.]] By rectification and filtering of RF signals + - [[B.]] By breakdown of the Zener voltage + - [[C.]] By mixing signals with noise in the transition region of the diode + - [[D.]] By sensing the change of reactance in the diode with respect to frequency +-- +- [[E7E11]] (C) +Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals? #card + - [[A.]] Discriminator + - [[B.]] Phase detector + - [[C.]] Product detector + - [[D.]] Phase comparator diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..652aac5 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E7F Software defined radio fundamentals: digital signal processing (DSP) filtering, modulation, and demodulation; analog-digital conversion; digital filters + +- [[E7F01]] (C) +What is meant by “direct sampling” in software defined radios? #card + - [[A.]] Software is converted from source code to object code during operation of the receiver + - [[B.]] I and Q signals are generated by digital processing without the use of RF amplification + - [[C.]] Incoming RF is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter without being mixed with a local oscillator signal + - [[D.]] A switching mixer is used to generate I and Q signals directly from the RF input +-- +- [[E7F02]] (A) +What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal? #card + - [[A.]] An adaptive filter + - [[B.]] A crystal-lattice filter + - [[C.]] A Hilbert-transform filter + - [[D.]] A phase-inverting filter +-- +- [[E7F03]] (C) +What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal? #card + - [[A.]] An adaptive filter + - [[B.]] A notch filter + - [[C.]] A Hilbert-transform filter + - [[D.]] An elliptical filter +-- +- [[E7F04]] (D) +Which method generates an SSB signal using digital signal processing? #card + - [[A.]] Mixing products are converted to voltages and subtracted by adder circuits + - [[B.]] A frequency synthesizer removes unwanted sidebands + - [[C.]] Varying quartz crystal characteristics are emulated in digital form + - [[D.]] Signals are combined in quadrature phase relationship +-- +- [[E7F05]] (B) +How frequently must an analog signal be sampled to be accurately reproduced? #card + - [[A.]] At least half the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[B.]] At least twice the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[C.]] At the same rate as the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[D.]] At four times the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal +-- +- [[E7F06]] (D) +What is the minimum number of bits required to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt? #card + - [[A.]] 4 bits + - [[B.]] 6 bits + - [[C.]] 8 bits + - [[D.]] 10 bits +-- +- [[E7F07]] (C) +What function is performed by a Fast Fourier Transform? #card + - [[A.]] Converting analog signals to digital form + - [[B.]] Converting digital signals to analog form + - [[C.]] Converting signals from the time domain to the frequency domain + - [[D.]] Converting signals from the frequency domain to the time domain +-- +- [[E7F08]] (B) +What is the function of decimation? #card + - [[A.]] Converting data to binary-coded decimal form + - [[B.]] Reducing the effective sample rate by removing samples + - [[C.]] Attenuating the signal + - [[D.]] Removing unnecessary significant digits +-- +- [[E7F09]] (A) +Why is an anti-aliasing filter required in a decimator? #card + - [[A.]] It removes high-frequency signal components that would otherwise be reproduced as lower frequency components + - [[B.]] It peaks the response of the decimator, improving bandwidth + - [[C.]] It removes low-frequency signal components to eliminate the need for DC restoration + - [[D.]] It notches out the sampling frequency to avoid sampling errors +-- +- [[E7F10]] (A) +What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a direct-sampling software defined radio (SDR)? #card + - [[A.]] Sample rate + - [[B.]] Sample width in bits + - [[C.]] Integral non-linearity + - [[D.]] Differential non-linearity +-- +- [[E7F11]] (B) +What sets the minimum detectable signal level for a direct-sampling software defined receiver in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise? #card + - [[A.]] Sample clock phase noise + - [[B.]] Reference voltage level and sample width in bits + - [[C.]] Data storage transfer rate + - [[D.]] Missing codes and jitter +-- +- [[E7F12]] (A) +Which of the following is generally true of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters? #card + - [[A.]] FIR filters can delay all frequency components of the signal by the same amount + - [[B.]] FIR filters are easier to implement for a given set of passband rolloff requirements + - [[C.]] FIR filters can respond faster to impulses + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E7F13]] (D) +What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter? #card + - [[A.]] To reduce excess signal pressure levels + - [[B.]] Provide access for debugging software + - [[C.]] Select the point at which baseband signals are generated + - [[D.]] Provide incremental signal delays for filter algorithms +-- +- [[E7F14]] (B) +Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response? #card + - [[A.]] Higher data rate + - [[B.]] More taps + - [[C.]] Lower Q + - [[D.]] Double-precision math routines diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1721d41 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E7G Operational amplifiers: characteristics and applications + +- [[E7G01]] (A) +What is the typical output impedance of an op-amp? #card + - [[A.]] Very low + - [[B.]] Very high + - [[C.]] 100 ohms + - [[D.]] 10,000 ohms +-- +- [[E7G02]] (B) +What is the frequency response of the circuit in E7-3 if a capacitor is added across the feedback resistor? #card + - [[A.]] High-pass filter + - [[B.]] Low-pass filter + - [[C.]] Band-pass filter + - [[D.]] Notch filter +-- +- [[E7G03]] (D) +What is the typical input impedance of an op-amp? #card + - [[A.]] 100 ohms + - [[B.]] 10,000 ohms + - [[C.]] Very low + - [[D.]] Very high +-- +- [[E7G04]] (C) +What is meant by the term “op-amp input offset voltage”? #card + - [[A.]] The output voltage of the op-amp minus its input voltage + - [[B.]] The difference between the output voltage of the op-amp and the input voltage required in the immediately following stage + - [[C.]] The differential input voltage needed to bring the open loop output voltage to zero + - [[D.]] The potential between the amplifier input terminals of the op-amp in an open loop condition +-- +- [[E7G05]] (A) +How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in an op-amp audio filter? #card + - [[A.]] Restrict both gain and Q + - [[B.]] Restrict gain but increase Q + - [[C.]] Restrict Q but increase gain + - [[D.]] Increase both gain and Q +-- +- [[E7G06]] (B) +What is the gain-bandwidth of an operational amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] The maximum frequency for a filter circuit using that type of amplifier + - [[B.]] The frequency at which the open-loop gain of the amplifier equals one + - [[C.]] The gain of the amplifier at a filter’s cutoff frequency + - [[D.]] The frequency at which the amplifier’s offset voltage is zero +-- +- [[E7G07]] (C) +What voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7‑3 when R1 is 10 ohms and RF is 470 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 0.21 + - [[B.]] 4700 + - [[C.]] 47 + - [[D.]] 24 +-- +- [[E7G08]] (D) +How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency? #card + - [[A.]] It increases linearly with increasing frequency + - [[B.]] It decreases linearly with increasing frequency + - [[C.]] It decreases logarithmically with increasing frequency + - [[D.]] It does not vary with frequency +-- +- [[E7G09]] (D) +What will be the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure E7-3 if R1 is 1,000 ohms, RF is 10,000 ohms, and 0.23 volts DC is applied to the input? #card + - [[A.]] 0.23 volts + - [[B.]] 2.3 volts + - [[C.]] -0.23 volts + - [[D.]] -2.3 volts +-- +- [[E7G10]] (C) +What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 1,800 ohms and RF is 68 kilohms? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 0.03 + - [[C.]] 38 + - [[D.]] 76 +-- +- [[E7G11]] (B) +What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 3,300 ohms and RF is 47 kilohms? #card + - [[A.]] 28 + - [[B.]] 14 + - [[C.]] 7 + - [[D.]] 0.07 +-- +- [[E7G12]] (A) +What is an operational amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] A high-gain, direct-coupled differential amplifier with very high input impedance and very low output impedance + - [[B.]] A digital audio amplifier whose characteristics are determined by components external to the amplifier + - [[C.]] An amplifier used to increase the average output of frequency modulated amateur signals to the legal limit + - [[D.]] A RF amplifier used in the UHF and microwave regions diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cd0b4b --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.896Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E7H Oscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct digital synthesizers; stabilizing thermal drift; microphonics; high-accuracy oscillators + +- [[E7H01]] (D) +What are three common oscillator circuits? + - [[A.]] Taft, Pierce, and negative feedback + - [[B.]] Pierce, Fenner, and Beane + - [[C.]] Taft, Hartley, and Pierce + - [[D.]] Colpitts, Hartley, and Pierce +-- +- [[E7H02]] (C) +What is a microphonic? + - [[A.]] An IC used for amplifying microphone signals + - [[B.]] Distortion caused by RF pickup on the microphone cable + - [[C.]] Changes in oscillator frequency caused by mechanical vibration + - [[D.]] Excess loading of the microphone by an oscillator +-- +- [[E7H03]] (C) +What is a phase-locked loop? + - [[A.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a ratio detector, reactance modulator, and voltage-controlled oscillator + - [[B.]] An electronic circuit also known as a monostable multivibrator + - [[C.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a stable reference oscillator + - [[D.]] An electronic circuit consisting of a precision push-pull amplifier with a differential phase input +-- +- [[E7H04]] (C) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator? + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a capacitive divider + - [[D.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor +-- +- [[E7H05]] (D) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator? + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor + - [[D.]] Through a quartz crystal +-- +- [[E7H06]] (B) +Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop? + - [[A.]] Wide-band AF and RF power amplification + - [[B.]] Frequency synthesis and FM demodulation + - [[C.]] Photovoltaic conversion and optical coupling + - [[D.]] Comparison of two digital input signals and digital pulse counting +-- +- [[E7H07]] (D) +How can an oscillator’s microphonic responses be reduced? + - [[A.]] Use NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Reduce noise on the oscillator’s power supply + - [[C.]] Increase the gain + - [[D.]] Mechanically isolate the oscillator circuitry from its enclosure +-- +- [[E7H08]] (A) +Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators? + - [[A.]] NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Toroidal inductors + - [[C.]] Wirewound resistors + - [[D.]] Non-inductive resistors +-- +- [[E7H09]] (A) +What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter? + - [[A.]] A direct digital synthesizer + - [[B.]] A hybrid synthesizer + - [[C.]] A phase-locked loop synthesizer + - [[D.]] A direct conversion synthesizer +-- +- [[E7H10]] (B) +What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)? + - [[A.]] The phase relationship between a reference oscillator and the output waveform + - [[B.]] Amplitude values that represent the desired waveform + - [[C.]] The phase relationship between a voltage-controlled oscillator and the output waveform + - [[D.]] Frequently used receiver and transmitter frequencies +-- +- [[E7H11]] (C) +What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers? + - [[A.]] Broadband noise + - [[B.]] Digital conversion noise + - [[C.]] Spurious signals at discrete frequencies + - [[D.]] Harmonics of the local oscillator +-- +- [[E7H12]] (B) +Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer? + - [[A.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel inductance + - [[B.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel capacitance + - [[C.]] Bias the crystal at a specified voltage + - [[D.]] Bias the crystal at a specified current +-- +- [[E7H13]] (D) +Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception? + - [[A.]] Use a GPS signal reference + - [[B.]] Use a rubidium stabilized reference oscillator + - [[C.]] Use a temperature-controlled high Q dielectric resonator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a779f9e --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E7H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.630Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E7H Oscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct digital synthesizers; stabilizing thermal drift; microphonics; high-accuracy oscillators + +- [[E7H01]] (D) +What are three common oscillator circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Taft, Pierce, and negative feedback + - [[B.]] Pierce, Fenner, and Beane + - [[C.]] Taft, Hartley, and Pierce + - [[D.]] Colpitts, Hartley, and Pierce +-- +- [[E7H02]] (C) +What is a microphonic? #card + - [[A.]] An IC used for amplifying microphone signals + - [[B.]] Distortion caused by RF pickup on the microphone cable + - [[C.]] Changes in oscillator frequency caused by mechanical vibration + - [[D.]] Excess loading of the microphone by an oscillator +-- +- [[E7H03]] (C) +What is a phase-locked loop? #card + - [[A.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a ratio detector, reactance modulator, and voltage-controlled oscillator + - [[B.]] An electronic circuit also known as a monostable multivibrator + - [[C.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a stable reference oscillator + - [[D.]] An electronic circuit consisting of a precision push-pull amplifier with a differential phase input +-- +- [[E7H04]] (C) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a capacitive divider + - [[D.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor +-- +- [[E7H05]] (D) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor + - [[D.]] Through a quartz crystal +-- +- [[E7H06]] (B) +Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop? #card + - [[A.]] Wide-band AF and RF power amplification + - [[B.]] Frequency synthesis and FM demodulation + - [[C.]] Photovoltaic conversion and optical coupling + - [[D.]] Comparison of two digital input signals and digital pulse counting +-- +- [[E7H07]] (D) +How can an oscillator’s microphonic responses be reduced? #card + - [[A.]] Use NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Reduce noise on the oscillator’s power supply + - [[C.]] Increase the gain + - [[D.]] Mechanically isolate the oscillator circuitry from its enclosure +-- +- [[E7H08]] (A) +Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators? #card + - [[A.]] NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Toroidal inductors + - [[C.]] Wirewound resistors + - [[D.]] Non-inductive resistors +-- +- [[E7H09]] (A) +What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter? #card + - [[A.]] A direct digital synthesizer + - [[B.]] A hybrid synthesizer + - [[C.]] A phase-locked loop synthesizer + - [[D.]] A direct conversion synthesizer +-- +- [[E7H10]] (B) +What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)? #card + - [[A.]] The phase relationship between a reference oscillator and the output waveform + - [[B.]] Amplitude values that represent the desired waveform + - [[C.]] The phase relationship between a voltage-controlled oscillator and the output waveform + - [[D.]] Frequently used receiver and transmitter frequencies +-- +- [[E7H11]] (C) +What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband noise + - [[B.]] Digital conversion noise + - [[C.]] Spurious signals at discrete frequencies + - [[D.]] Harmonics of the local oscillator +-- +- [[E7H12]] (B) +Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer? #card + - [[A.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel inductance + - [[B.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel capacitance + - [[C.]] Bias the crystal at a specified voltage + - [[D.]] Bias the crystal at a specified current +-- +- [[E7H13]] (D) +Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception? #card + - [[A.]] Use a GPS signal reference + - [[B.]] Use a rubidium stabilized reference oscillator + - [[C.]] Use a temperature-controlled high Q dielectric resonator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6293427 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.631Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E8A Fourier analysis; RMS measurements; average RF power and peak envelope power (PEP); analog/digital conversion + +- [[E8A01]] (A) +What technique shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave and its odd harmonics? #card + - [[A.]] Fourier analysis + - [[B.]] Vector analysis + - [[C.]] Numerical analysis + - [[D.]] Differential analysis +-- +- [[E8A02]] (A) +Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion? #card + - [[A.]] Successive approximation + - [[B.]] Harmonic regeneration + - [[C.]] Level shifting + - [[D.]] Phase reversal +-- +- [[E8A03]] (B) +Which of the following describes a signal in the time domain? #card + - [[A.]] Power at intervals of phase + - [[B.]] Amplitude at different times + - [[C.]] Frequency at different times + - [[D.]] Discrete impulses in time order +-- +- [[E8A04]] (B) +What is “dither” with respect to analog-to-digital converters? #card + - [[A.]] An abnormal condition where the converter cannot settle on a value to represent the signal + - [[B.]] A small amount of noise added to the input signal to reduce quantization noise + - [[C.]] An error caused by irregular quantization step size + - [[D.]] A method of decimation by randomly skipping samples +-- +- [[E8A05]] (D) +What is the benefit of making voltage measurements with a true-RMS calculating meter? #card + - [[A.]] An inverse Fourier transform can be used + - [[B.]] The signal’s RMS noise factor is also calculated + - [[C.]] The calculated RMS value can be converted directly into phasor form + - [[D.]] RMS is measured for both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals +-- +- [[E8A06]] (A) +What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] 2.5 to 1 + - [[B.]] 25 to 1 + - [[C.]] 1 to 1 + - [[D.]] 13 to 1 +-- +- [[E8A07]] (B) +What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] The frequency of the modulating signal + - [[B.]] Speech characteristics + - [[C.]] The degree of carrier suppression + - [[D.]] Amplifier gain +-- +- [[E8A08]] (C) +Why are direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converters used for a software defined radio? #card + - [[A.]] Very low power consumption decreases frequency drift + - [[B.]] Immunity to out-of-sequence coding reduces spurious responses + - [[C.]] Very high speed allows digitizing high frequencies + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8A09]] (D) +How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution? #card + - [[A.]] 8 + - [[B.]] 8 multiplied by the gain of the input amplifier + - [[C.]] 256 divided by the gain of the input amplifier + - [[D.]] 256 +-- +- [[E8A10]] (C) +What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used at the output of a digital-to-analog converter? #card + - [[A.]] Lower the input bandwidth to increase the effective resolution + - [[B.]] Improve accuracy by removing out-of-sequence codes from the input + - [[C.]] Remove spurious sampling artifacts from the output signal + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8A11]] (A) +Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter? #card + - [[A.]] Total harmonic distortion + - [[B.]] Peak envelope power + - [[C.]] Reciprocal mixing + - [[D.]] Power factor diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..510a66f --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E8B Modulation and demodulation: modulation methods; modulation index and deviation ratio; frequency- and time-division multiplexing; orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) + +- [[E8B01]] (A) +What is the modulation index of an FM signal? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of frequency deviation to modulating signal frequency + - [[B.]] The ratio of modulating signal amplitude to frequency deviation + - [[C.]] The modulating signal frequency divided by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal + - [[D.]] The bandwidth of the transmitted signal divided by the modulating signal frequency +-- +- [[E8B02]] (D) +How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency? #card + - [[A.]] It increases as the RF carrier frequency increases + - [[B.]] It decreases as the RF carrier frequency increases + - [[C.]] It varies with the square root of the RF carrier frequency + - [[D.]] It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency +-- +- [[E8B03]] (A) +What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency if the highest modulating frequency is 1000 Hz? #card + - [[A.]] 3 + - [[B.]] 0.3 + - [[C.]] 6 + - [[D.]] 0.6 +-- +- [[E8B04]] (B) +What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz if the highest modulating frequency is 2 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 0.3 + - [[B.]] 3 + - [[C.]] 0.6 + - [[D.]] 6 +-- +- [[E8B05]] (D) +What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 6 + - [[B.]] 0.167 + - [[C.]] 0.6 + - [[D.]] 1.67 +-- +- [[E8B06]] (A) +What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 2.14 + - [[B.]] 0.214 + - [[C.]] 0.47 + - [[D.]] 47 +-- +- [[E8B07]] (A) +Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique used for which types of amateur communication? #card + - [[A.]] Digital modes + - [[B.]] Extremely low-power contacts + - [[C.]] EME + - [[D.]] OFDM signals are not allowed on amateur bands +-- +- [[E8B08]] (D) +What describes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)? #card + - [[A.]] A frequency modulation technique that uses non-harmonically related frequencies + - [[B.]] A bandwidth compression technique using Fourier transforms + - [[C.]] A digital mode for narrow-band, slow-speed transmissions + - [[D.]] A digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interference +-- +- [[E8B09]] (B) +What is deviation ratio? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of the audio modulating frequency to the center carrier frequency + - [[B.]] The ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequency + - [[C.]] The ratio of the carrier center frequency to the audio modulating frequency + - [[D.]] The ratio of the highest audio modulating frequency to the average audio modulating frequency +-- +- [[E8B10]] (B) +What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)? #card + - [[A.]] The transmitted signal jumps from band to band at a predetermined rate + - [[B.]] Dividing the transmitted signal into separate frequency bands that each carry a different data stream + - [[C.]] The transmitted signal is divided into packets of information + - [[D.]] Two or more information streams are merged into a digital combiner, which then pulse position modulates the transmitter +-- +- [[E8B11]] (B) +What is digital time division multiplexing? #card + - [[A.]] Two or more data streams are assigned to discrete sub-carriers on an FM transmitter + - [[B.]] Two or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmission + - [[C.]] Two or more data streams share the same channel by transmitting time of transmission as the sub-carrier + - [[D.]] Two or more signals are quadrature modulated to increase bandwidth efficiency diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.899Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.899Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e67caf2 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.899Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +E8C Digital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction; constellation diagrams + +- [[E8C01]] (B) +What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM? + - [[A.]] A technique for digital data compression used in digital television which removes redundancy in the data by comparing bit amplitudes + - [[B.]] Transmission of data by modulating the amplitude of two carriers of the same frequency but 90 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] A method of performing single sideband modulation by shifting the phase of the carrier and modulation components of the signal + - [[D.]] A technique for analog modulation of television video signals using phase modulation and compression +-- +- [[E8C02]] (C) +What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission? + - [[A.]] The number of control characters in a message packet + - [[B.]] The maximum rate at which the forward error correction code can make corrections + - [[C.]] The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information + - [[D.]] The number of characters carried per second by the station-to-station link +-- +- [[E8C03]] (A) +Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal? + - [[A.]] To minimize bandwidth + - [[B.]] To simplify modulation + - [[C.]] To improve carrier suppression + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8C04]] (C) +What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal? + - [[A.]] Zero-sum character encoding + - [[B.]] Reed-Solomon character encoding + - [[C.]] Use of sinusoidal data pulses + - [[D.]] Use of linear data pulses +-- +- [[E8C05]] (C) +What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission? + - [[A.]] 13 Hz + - [[B.]] 26 Hz + - [[C.]] 52 Hz + - [[D.]] 104 Hz +-- +- [[E8C06]] (B) +What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal? + - [[A.]] 10 Hz + - [[B.]] 50 Hz + - [[C.]] 600 Hz + - [[D.]] 2.4 kHz +-- +- [[E8C07]] (A) +What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission? + - [[A.]] 15.36 kHz + - [[B.]] 9.6 kHz + - [[C.]] 4.8 kHz + - [[D.]] 5.76 kHz +-- +- [[E8C08]] (D) +How does ARQ accomplish error correction? + - [[A.]] Special binary codes provide automatic correction + - [[B.]] Special polynomial codes provide automatic correction + - [[C.]] If errors are detected, redundant data is substituted + - [[D.]] If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested +-- +- [[E8C09]] (D) +Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values? + - [[A.]] Binary Coded Decimal Code + - [[B.]] Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code + - [[C.]] Extended ASCII + - [[D.]] Gray code +-- +- [[E8C10]] (C) +How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth? + - [[A.]] It is impossible + - [[B.]] Increasing analog-to-digital conversion resolution + - [[C.]] Using a more efficient digital code + - [[D.]] Using forward error correction +-- +- [[E8C11]] (A) +What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud? + - [[A.]] They are the same + - [[B.]] Baud is twice the symbol rate + - [[C.]] Baud rate is half the symbol rate + - [[D.]] The relationship depends on the specific code used +-- +- [[E8C12]] (C) +What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal? + - [[A.]] IF bandwidth and Q + - [[B.]] Modulation index and output power + - [[C.]] Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time) + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8C13]] (B) +What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal? + - [[A.]] How many carriers may be present at the same time + - [[B.]] The possible phase and amplitude states for each symbol + - [[C.]] Frequency response of the signal stream + - [[D.]] The number of bits used for error correction in the protocol +-- +- [[E8C14]] (C) +What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network? + - [[A.]] Email + - [[B.]] Trust server + - [[C.]] Internet Protocol (IP) + - [[D.]] Talk group +-- +- [[E8C15]] (C) +What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network? + - [[A.]] Forward error correction and Viterbi codes + - [[B.]] Acting as store-and-forward digipeaters + - [[C.]] Discovery and link establishment protocols + - [[D.]] Custom code plugs for the local trunking systems diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0b9a790 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,106 @@ +E8C Digital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction; constellation diagrams + +- [[E8C01]] (B) +What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM? #card + - [[A.]] A technique for digital data compression used in digital television which removes redundancy in the data by comparing bit amplitudes + - [[B.]] Transmission of data by modulating the amplitude of two carriers of the same frequency but 90 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] A method of performing single sideband modulation by shifting the phase of the carrier and modulation components of the signal + - [[D.]] A technique for analog modulation of television video signals using phase modulation and compression +-- +- [[E8C02]] (C) +What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission? #card + - [[A.]] The number of control characters in a message packet + - [[B.]] The maximum rate at which the forward error correction code can make corrections + - [[C.]] The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information + - [[D.]] The number of characters carried per second by the station-to-station link +-- +- [[E8C03]] (A) +Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal? #card + - [[A.]] To minimize bandwidth + - [[B.]] To simplify modulation + - [[C.]] To improve carrier suppression + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8C04]] (C) +What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal? #card + - [[A.]] Zero-sum character encoding + - [[B.]] Reed-Solomon character encoding + - [[C.]] Use of sinusoidal data pulses + - [[D.]] Use of linear data pulses +-- +- [[E8C05]] (C) +What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission? #card + - [[A.]] 13 Hz + - [[B.]] 26 Hz + - [[C.]] 52 Hz + - [[D.]] 104 Hz +-- +- [[E8C06]] (B) +What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal? #card + - [[A.]] 10 Hz + - [[B.]] 50 Hz + - [[C.]] 600 Hz + - [[D.]] 2.4 kHz +-- +- [[E8C07]] (A) +What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission? #card + - [[A.]] 15.36 kHz + - [[B.]] 9.6 kHz + - [[C.]] 4.8 kHz + - [[D.]] 5.76 kHz +-- +- [[E8C08]] (D) +How does ARQ accomplish error correction? #card + - [[A.]] Special binary codes provide automatic correction + - [[B.]] Special polynomial codes provide automatic correction + - [[C.]] If errors are detected, redundant data is substituted + - [[D.]] If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested +-- +- [[E8C09]] (D) +Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values? #card + - [[A.]] Binary Coded Decimal Code + - [[B.]] Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code + - [[C.]] Extended ASCII + - [[D.]] Gray code +-- +- [[E8C10]] (C) +How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth? #card + - [[A.]] It is impossible + - [[B.]] Increasing analog-to-digital conversion resolution + - [[C.]] Using a more efficient digital code + - [[D.]] Using forward error correction +-- +- [[E8C11]] (A) +What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud? #card + - [[A.]] They are the same + - [[B.]] Baud is twice the symbol rate + - [[C.]] Baud rate is half the symbol rate + - [[D.]] The relationship depends on the specific code used +-- +- [[E8C12]] (C) +What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal? #card + - [[A.]] IF bandwidth and Q + - [[B.]] Modulation index and output power + - [[C.]] Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time) + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E8C13]] (B) +What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal? #card + - [[A.]] How many carriers may be present at the same time + - [[B.]] The possible phase and amplitude states for each symbol + - [[C.]] Frequency response of the signal stream + - [[D.]] The number of bits used for error correction in the protocol +-- +- [[E8C14]] (C) +What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Email + - [[B.]] Trust server + - [[C.]] Internet Protocol (IP) + - [[D.]] Talk group +-- +- [[E8C15]] (C) +What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Forward error correction and Viterbi codes + - [[B.]] Acting as store-and-forward digipeaters + - [[C.]] Discovery and link establishment protocols + - [[D.]] Custom code plugs for the local trunking systems diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.898Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.898Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0e57efd --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.898Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E8D Keying defects and overmodulation of digital signals; digital codes; spread spectrum + +- [[E8D01]] (A) +Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference? + - [[A.]] Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver + - [[B.]] The high power used by a spread spectrum transmitter keeps its signal from being easily overpowered + - [[C.]] Built-in error correction codes minimize interference + - [[D.]] If the receiver detects interference, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies +-- +- [[E8D02]] (B) +What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier? + - [[A.]] Frequency hopping + - [[B.]] Direct sequence + - [[C.]] Binary phase-shift keying + - [[D.]] Phase compandored spread spectrum +-- +- [[E8D03]] (D) +Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping? + - [[A.]] If interference is detected by the receiver, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies + - [[B.]] RF signals are clipped to generate a wide band of harmonics which provides redundancy to correct errors + - [[C.]] A binary bit stream is used to shift the phase of an RF carrier very rapidly in a pseudorandom sequence + - [[D.]] Rapidly varying the frequency of a transmitted signal according to a pseudorandom sequence +-- +- [[E8D04]] (C) +What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal? + - [[A.]] More difficult to copy + - [[B.]] The generation of RF harmonics + - [[C.]] The generation of key clicks + - [[D.]] More difficult to tune +-- +- [[E8D05]] (A) +What is the most common method of reducing key clicks? + - [[A.]] Increase keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[B.]] Insert low-pass filters at the transmitter output + - [[C.]] Reduce keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[D.]] Insert high-pass filters at the transmitter output +-- +- [[E8D06]] (D) +What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters? + - [[A.]] Faster transmission rate + - [[B.]] Signal-to-noise ratio is improved + - [[C.]] A larger character set is available + - [[D.]] Some types of errors can be detected +-- +- [[E8D07]] (D) +What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals? + - [[A.]] Excessive numbers of retries + - [[B.]] Excessive frequency deviation + - [[C.]] Bit errors in the modem + - [[D.]] Excessive transmit audio levels +-- +- [[E8D08]] (D) +What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels? + - [[A.]] Signal-to-noise ratio + - [[B.]] Baud error rate + - [[C.]] Repeat Request Rate (RRR) + - [[D.]] Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) +-- +- [[E8D09]] (D) +What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal? + - [[A.]] +5 dB + - [[B.]] +10 dB + - [[C.]] +15 dB + - [[D.]] -30 dB +-- +- [[E8D10]] (B) +What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII? + - [[A.]] Baudot uses 4 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 1 character as a letters/figures shift code, ASCII has no letters/figures code + - [[B.]] Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code + - [[C.]] Baudot uses 6 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes + - [[D.]] Baudot uses 7 data bits per character, ASCII uses 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes +-- +- [[E8D11]] (C) +What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications? + - [[A.]] It includes built-in error correction features + - [[B.]] It contains fewer information bits per character than any other code + - [[C.]] It is possible to transmit both uppercase and lowercase text + - [[D.]] It uses one character as a shift code to send numeric and special characters diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..aab64fb --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E8D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E8D Keying defects and overmodulation of digital signals; digital codes; spread spectrum + +- [[E8D01]] (A) +Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference? #card + - [[A.]] Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver + - [[B.]] The high power used by a spread spectrum transmitter keeps its signal from being easily overpowered + - [[C.]] Built-in error correction codes minimize interference + - [[D.]] If the receiver detects interference, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies +-- +- [[E8D02]] (B) +What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier? #card + - [[A.]] Frequency hopping + - [[B.]] Direct sequence + - [[C.]] Binary phase-shift keying + - [[D.]] Phase compandored spread spectrum +-- +- [[E8D03]] (D) +Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping? #card + - [[A.]] If interference is detected by the receiver, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies + - [[B.]] RF signals are clipped to generate a wide band of harmonics which provides redundancy to correct errors + - [[C.]] A binary bit stream is used to shift the phase of an RF carrier very rapidly in a pseudorandom sequence + - [[D.]] Rapidly varying the frequency of a transmitted signal according to a pseudorandom sequence +-- +- [[E8D04]] (C) +What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal? #card + - [[A.]] More difficult to copy + - [[B.]] The generation of RF harmonics + - [[C.]] The generation of key clicks + - [[D.]] More difficult to tune +-- +- [[E8D05]] (A) +What is the most common method of reducing key clicks? #card + - [[A.]] Increase keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[B.]] Insert low-pass filters at the transmitter output + - [[C.]] Reduce keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[D.]] Insert high-pass filters at the transmitter output +-- +- [[E8D06]] (D) +What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters? #card + - [[A.]] Faster transmission rate + - [[B.]] Signal-to-noise ratio is improved + - [[C.]] A larger character set is available + - [[D.]] Some types of errors can be detected +-- +- [[E8D07]] (D) +What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive numbers of retries + - [[B.]] Excessive frequency deviation + - [[C.]] Bit errors in the modem + - [[D.]] Excessive transmit audio levels +-- +- [[E8D08]] (D) +What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels? #card + - [[A.]] Signal-to-noise ratio + - [[B.]] Baud error rate + - [[C.]] Repeat Request Rate (RRR) + - [[D.]] Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) +-- +- [[E8D09]] (D) +What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal? #card + - [[A.]] +5 dB + - [[B.]] +10 dB + - [[C.]] +15 dB + - [[D.]] -30 dB +-- +- [[E8D10]] (B) +What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII? #card + - [[A.]] Baudot uses 4 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 1 character as a letters/figures shift code, ASCII has no letters/figures code + - [[B.]] Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code + - [[C.]] Baudot uses 6 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes + - [[D.]] Baudot uses 7 data bits per character, ASCII uses 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes +-- +- [[E8D11]] (C) +What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications? #card + - [[A.]] It includes built-in error correction features + - [[B.]] It contains fewer information bits per character than any other code + - [[C.]] It is possible to transmit both uppercase and lowercase text + - [[D.]] It uses one character as a shift code to send numeric and special characters diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..88907e9 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9A/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E9A Basic antenna parameters: radiation resistance, gain, beamwidth, efficiency; effective radiated power (ERP) and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) + +- [[E9A01]] (C) +What is an isotropic radiator? #card + - [[A.]] A calibrated, unidirectional antenna used to make precise antenna gain measurements + - [[B.]] An omnidirectional, horizontally polarized, precisely calibrated antenna used to make field measurements of antenna gain + - [[C.]] A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions used as a reference for antenna gain + - [[D.]] A spacecraft antenna used to direct signals toward Earth +-- +- [[E9A02]] (D) +What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 469 watts + - [[B.]] 78.7 watts + - [[C.]] 420 watts + - [[D.]] 286 watts +-- +- [[E9A03]] (C) +What term describing total radiated power takes into account all gains and losses? #card + - [[A.]] Power factor + - [[B.]] Half-power bandwidth + - [[C.]] Effective radiated power + - [[D.]] Apparent power +-- +- [[E9A04]] (B) +Which of the following factors affect the feed point impedance of an antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Transmission line length + - [[B.]] Antenna height + - [[C.]] The settings of an antenna tuner at the transmitter + - [[D.]] The input power level +-- +- [[E9A05]] (D) +What does the term “ground gain” mean? #card + - [[A.]] The change in signal strength caused by grounding the antenna + - [[B.]] The gain of the antenna with respect to a dipole at ground level + - [[C.]] To force net gain to 0 dB by grounding part of the antenna + - [[D.]] An increase in signal strength from ground reflections in the environment of the antenna +-- +- [[E9A06]] (A) +What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 317 watts + - [[B.]] 2,000 watts + - [[C.]] 126 watts + - [[D.]] 300 watts +-- +- [[E9A07]] (B) +What is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 159 watts + - [[B.]] 252 watts + - [[C.]] 632 watts + - [[D.]] 63.2 watts +-- +- [[E9A08]] (A) +Which frequency band has the smallest first Fresnel zone? #card + - [[A.]] 5.8 GHz + - [[B.]] 3.4 GHz + - [[C.]] 2.4 GHz + - [[D.]] 900 MHz +-- +- [[E9A09]] (B) +What is antenna efficiency? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation resistance divided by transmission resistance + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance divided by total resistance + - [[C.]] Total resistance divided by radiation resistance + - [[D.]] Effective radiated power divided by transmitter output +-- +- [[E9A10]] (A) +Which of the following improves the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Installing a ground radial system + - [[B.]] Isolating the coax shield from ground + - [[C.]] Shortening the radiating element + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9A11]] (C) +Which of the following determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating on HF? #card + - [[A.]] The standing wave ratio + - [[B.]] Distance from the transmitter + - [[C.]] Soil conductivity + - [[D.]] Take-off angle +-- +- [[E9A12]] (A) +How much gain does an antenna have compared to a half-wavelength dipole if it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator? #card + - [[A.]] 3.85 dB + - [[B.]] 6.0 dB + - [[C.]] 8.15 dB + - [[D.]] 2.79 dB diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1fa0e6 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9B/2025-05-01T20_36_51.633Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E9B Antenna patterns and designs: azimuth and elevation patterns; gain as a function of pattern; antenna modeling + +- [[E9B01]] (B) +What is the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 75 degrees + - [[B.]] 50 degrees + - [[C.]] 25 degrees + - [[D.]] 30 degrees +-- +- [[E9B02]] (D) +What is the front-to-back ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 36 dB + - [[B.]] 14 dB + - [[C.]] 24 dB + - [[D.]] 18 dB +-- +- [[E9B03]] (D) +What is the front-to-side ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 12 dB + - [[B.]] 24 dB + - [[C.]] 18 dB + - [[D.]] 14 dB +-- +- [[E9B04]] (B) +What is the front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern shown in Figure E9‑2? #card + - [[A.]] 15 dB + - [[B.]] 28 dB + - [[C.]] 3 dB + - [[D.]] 38 dB +-- +- [[E9B05]] (A) +What type of antenna pattern is shown in Figure E9-2? #card + - [[A.]] Elevation + - [[B.]] Azimuth + - [[C.]] Near field + - [[D.]] Polarization +-- +- [[E9B06]] (C) +What is the elevation angle of peak response in the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2? #card + - [[A.]] 45 degrees + - [[B.]] 75 degrees + - [[C.]] 7.5 degrees + - [[D.]] 25 degrees +-- +- [[E9B07]] (C) +What is the difference in radiated power between a lossless antenna with gain and an isotropic radiator driven by the same power? #card + - [[A.]] The power radiated from the directional antenna is increased by the gain of the antenna + - [[B.]] The power radiated from the directional antenna is stronger by its front-to-back ratio + - [[C.]] They are the same + - [[D.]] The power radiated from the isotropic radiator is 2.15 dB greater than that from the directional antenna +-- +- [[E9B08]] (D) +What is the far field of an antenna? #card + - [[A.]] The region of the ionosphere where radiated power is not refracted + - [[B.]] The region where radiated power dissipates over a specified time period + - [[C.]] The region where radiated field strengths are constant + - [[D.]] The region where the shape of the radiation pattern no longer varies with distance +-- +- [[E9B09]] (B) +What type of analysis is commonly used for modeling antennas? #card + - [[A.]] Graphical analysis + - [[B.]] Method of Moments + - [[C.]] Mutual impedance analysis + - [[D.]] Calculus differentiation with respect to physical properties +-- +- [[E9B10]] (A) +What is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis? #card + - [[A.]] A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a uniform value of current + - [[B.]] A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave current generator + - [[C.]] A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave voltage source + - [[D.]] A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a distinct value of voltage across it +-- +- [[E9B11]] (C) +What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below 10 segments per half-wavelength? #card + - [[A.]] Ground conductivity will not be accurately modeled + - [[B.]] The resulting design will favor radiation of harmonic energy + - [[C.]] The computed feed point impedance may be incorrect + - [[D.]] The antenna will become mechanically unstable diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9178bc8 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E9C Practical wire antennas; folded dipoles; phased arrays; effects of ground near antennas + +- [[E9C01]] (D) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase? + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Omni-directional + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight oriented along the axis of the array +-- +- [[E9C02]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase? + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] Omni-directional +-- +- [[E9C03]] (C) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase? + - [[A.]] Omni-directional + - [[B.]] Cardioid + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array +-- +- [[E9C04]] (B) +What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased? + - [[A.]] Fewer lobes form with the major lobes increasing closer to broadside to the wire + - [[B.]] Additional lobes form with major lobes increasingly aligned with the axis of the antenna + - [[C.]] The elevation angle increases, and the front-to-rear ratio decreases + - [[D.]] The elevation angle increases, while the front-to-rear ratio is unaffected +-- +- [[E9C05]] (A) +What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint? + - [[A.]] To create a similar feed point impedance on multiple bands + - [[B.]] To suppress off-center lobes at higher frequencies + - [[C.]] To resonate the antenna across a wider range of frequencies + - [[D.]] To reduce common-mode current coupling on the feed line shield +-- +- [[E9C06]] (B) +What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna? + - [[A.]] It reflects the standing waves on the antenna elements back to the transmitter + - [[B.]] It changes the radiation pattern from bidirectional to unidirectional + - [[C.]] It changes the radiation pattern from horizontal to vertical polarization + - [[D.]] It decreases the ground loss +-- +- [[E9C07]] (A) +What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna? + - [[A.]] 300 ohms + - [[B.]] 72 ohms + - [[C.]] 50 ohms + - [[D.]] 450 ohms +-- +- [[E9C08]] (C) +What is a folded dipole antenna? + - [[A.]] A dipole one-quarter wavelength long + - [[B.]] A center-fed dipole with the ends folded down 90 degrees at the midpoint of each side + - [[C.]] A half-wave dipole with an additional parallel wire connecting its two ends + - [[D.]] A dipole configured to provide forward gain +-- +- [[E9C09]] (A) +Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna? + - [[A.]] A wire antenna center-fed through a specific length of open-wire line connected to a balun and coaxial feed line + - [[B.]] A multi-band trap antenna + - [[C.]] A phased array antenna consisting of multiple loops + - [[D.]] A wide band dipole using shorted coaxial cable for the radiating elements and fed with a 4:1 balun +-- +- [[E9C10]] (B) +Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna? + - [[A.]] A horizontal array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines + - [[B.]] An end-fed half-wavelength dipole + - [[C.]] An omni-directional antenna commonly used for satellite communications + - [[D.]] A vertical array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines +-- +- [[E9C11]] (D) +How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil? + - [[A.]] Radiation at low angles decreases + - [[B.]] Additional lobes appear at higher elevation angles + - [[C.]] Separate elevation lobes will combine into a single lobe + - [[D.]] Radiation at low angles increases +-- +- [[E9C12]] (C) +Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna? + - [[A.]] An end-fed full-wave dipole antenna + - [[B.]] A center-fed 1.5-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[C.]] A center-fed 1.25-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[D.]] An end-fed 2-wavelength dipole antenna +-- +- [[E9C13]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground? + - [[A.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe increases + - [[B.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases +-- +- [[E9C14]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground? + - [[A.]] The main lobe takeoff angle increases in the downhill direction + - [[B.]] The main lobe takeoff angle decreases in the downhill direction + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases in the downhill direction + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases in the uphill direction diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..216374d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9C/2025-05-01T20_36_51.634Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,99 @@ +E9C Practical wire antennas; folded dipoles; phased arrays; effects of ground near antennas + +- [[E9C01]] (D) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Omni-directional + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight oriented along the axis of the array +-- +- [[E9C02]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] Omni-directional +-- +- [[E9C03]] (C) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase? #card + - [[A.]] Omni-directional + - [[B.]] Cardioid + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array +-- +- [[E9C04]] (B) +What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer lobes form with the major lobes increasing closer to broadside to the wire + - [[B.]] Additional lobes form with major lobes increasingly aligned with the axis of the antenna + - [[C.]] The elevation angle increases, and the front-to-rear ratio decreases + - [[D.]] The elevation angle increases, while the front-to-rear ratio is unaffected +-- +- [[E9C05]] (A) +What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint? #card + - [[A.]] To create a similar feed point impedance on multiple bands + - [[B.]] To suppress off-center lobes at higher frequencies + - [[C.]] To resonate the antenna across a wider range of frequencies + - [[D.]] To reduce common-mode current coupling on the feed line shield +-- +- [[E9C06]] (B) +What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It reflects the standing waves on the antenna elements back to the transmitter + - [[B.]] It changes the radiation pattern from bidirectional to unidirectional + - [[C.]] It changes the radiation pattern from horizontal to vertical polarization + - [[D.]] It decreases the ground loss +-- +- [[E9C07]] (A) +What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna? #card + - [[A.]] 300 ohms + - [[B.]] 72 ohms + - [[C.]] 50 ohms + - [[D.]] 450 ohms +-- +- [[E9C08]] (C) +What is a folded dipole antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A dipole one-quarter wavelength long + - [[B.]] A center-fed dipole with the ends folded down 90 degrees at the midpoint of each side + - [[C.]] A half-wave dipole with an additional parallel wire connecting its two ends + - [[D.]] A dipole configured to provide forward gain +-- +- [[E9C09]] (A) +Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A wire antenna center-fed through a specific length of open-wire line connected to a balun and coaxial feed line + - [[B.]] A multi-band trap antenna + - [[C.]] A phased array antenna consisting of multiple loops + - [[D.]] A wide band dipole using shorted coaxial cable for the radiating elements and fed with a 4:1 balun +-- +- [[E9C10]] (B) +Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A horizontal array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines + - [[B.]] An end-fed half-wavelength dipole + - [[C.]] An omni-directional antenna commonly used for satellite communications + - [[D.]] A vertical array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines +-- +- [[E9C11]] (D) +How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation at low angles decreases + - [[B.]] Additional lobes appear at higher elevation angles + - [[C.]] Separate elevation lobes will combine into a single lobe + - [[D.]] Radiation at low angles increases +-- +- [[E9C12]] (C) +Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna? #card + - [[A.]] An end-fed full-wave dipole antenna + - [[B.]] A center-fed 1.5-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[C.]] A center-fed 1.25-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[D.]] An end-fed 2-wavelength dipole antenna +-- +- [[E9C13]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground? #card + - [[A.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe increases + - [[B.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases +-- +- [[E9C14]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground? #card + - [[A.]] The main lobe takeoff angle increases in the downhill direction + - [[B.]] The main lobe takeoff angle decreases in the downhill direction + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases in the downhill direction + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases in the uphill direction diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f761e1c --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E9D Yagi antennas; parabolic reflectors; feed point impedance and loading of electrically short antennas; antenna Q; RF grounding + +- [[E9D01]] (D) +How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled? + - [[A.]] 2 dB + - [[B.]] 3 dB + - [[C.]] 4 dB + - [[D.]] 6 dB +-- +- [[E9D02]] (C) +How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization? + - [[A.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[B.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed in phase + - [[C.]] Arrange two Yagis on the same axis and perpendicular to each other with the driven elements at the same point on the boom and fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Arrange two Yagis collinear to each other with the driven elements fed 180 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E9D03]] (A) +What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip? + - [[A.]] Near the center of the vertical radiator + - [[B.]] As low as possible on the vertical radiator + - [[C.]] At a voltage maximum + - [[D.]] At a voltage null +-- +- [[E9D04]] (C) +Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance? + - [[A.]] To swamp out harmonics + - [[B.]] To lower the radiation angle + - [[C.]] To maximize efficiency + - [[D.]] To minimize the Q +-- +- [[E9D05]] (D) +Approximately how long is a Yagi’s driven element? + - [[A.]] 234 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[B.]] 1005 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[C.]] 1/4 wavelength + - [[D.]] 1/2 wavelength +-- +- [[E9D06]] (B) +What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna? + - [[A.]] It is increased + - [[B.]] It is decreased + - [[C.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at the feed point + - [[D.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at a voltage maximum point +-- +- [[E9D07]] (D) +What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna? + - [[A.]] Lower Q + - [[B.]] Greater structural strength + - [[C.]] Higher losses + - [[D.]] Improved radiation efficiency +-- +- [[E9D08]] (B) +What happens as the Q of an antenna increases? + - [[A.]] SWR bandwidth increases + - [[B.]] SWR bandwidth decreases + - [[C.]] Gain is reduced + - [[D.]] More common-mode current is present on the feed line +-- +- [[E9D09]] (D) +What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna? + - [[A.]] To increase the SWR bandwidth by increasing net reactance + - [[B.]] To lower the losses + - [[C.]] To lower the Q + - [[D.]] To resonate the antenna by cancelling the capacitive reactance +-- +- [[E9D10]] (B) +How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency? + - [[A.]] Radiation resistance increases + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance decreases + - [[C.]] Radiation resistance becomes imaginary + - [[D.]] Radiation resistance does not depend on frequency +-- +- [[E9D11]] (D) +Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director? + - [[A.]] Lower SWR + - [[B.]] Higher receiving directivity factor + - [[C.]] Greater front-to-side + - [[D.]] Higher gain +-- +- [[E9D12]] (C) +What is the purpose of making a Yagi’s parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance? + - [[A.]] Wind torque cancellation + - [[B.]] Mechanical balance + - [[C.]] Control of phase shift + - [[D.]] Minimize losses diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0da9992 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9D/2025-05-01T20_36_51.632Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E9D Yagi antennas; parabolic reflectors; feed point impedance and loading of electrically short antennas; antenna Q; RF grounding + +- [[E9D01]] (D) +How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled? #card + - [[A.]] 2 dB + - [[B.]] 3 dB + - [[C.]] 4 dB + - [[D.]] 6 dB +-- +- [[E9D02]] (C) +How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization? #card + - [[A.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[B.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed in phase + - [[C.]] Arrange two Yagis on the same axis and perpendicular to each other with the driven elements at the same point on the boom and fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Arrange two Yagis collinear to each other with the driven elements fed 180 degrees out of phase +-- +- [[E9D03]] (A) +What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip? #card + - [[A.]] Near the center of the vertical radiator + - [[B.]] As low as possible on the vertical radiator + - [[C.]] At a voltage maximum + - [[D.]] At a voltage null +-- +- [[E9D04]] (C) +Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance? #card + - [[A.]] To swamp out harmonics + - [[B.]] To lower the radiation angle + - [[C.]] To maximize efficiency + - [[D.]] To minimize the Q +-- +- [[E9D05]] (D) +Approximately how long is a Yagi’s driven element? #card + - [[A.]] 234 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[B.]] 1005 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[C.]] 1/4 wavelength + - [[D.]] 1/2 wavelength +-- +- [[E9D06]] (B) +What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It is increased + - [[B.]] It is decreased + - [[C.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at the feed point + - [[D.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at a voltage maximum point +-- +- [[E9D07]] (D) +What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Lower Q + - [[B.]] Greater structural strength + - [[C.]] Higher losses + - [[D.]] Improved radiation efficiency +-- +- [[E9D08]] (B) +What happens as the Q of an antenna increases? #card + - [[A.]] SWR bandwidth increases + - [[B.]] SWR bandwidth decreases + - [[C.]] Gain is reduced + - [[D.]] More common-mode current is present on the feed line +-- +- [[E9D09]] (D) +What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna? #card + - [[A.]] To increase the SWR bandwidth by increasing net reactance + - [[B.]] To lower the losses + - [[C.]] To lower the Q + - [[D.]] To resonate the antenna by cancelling the capacitive reactance +-- +- [[E9D10]] (B) +How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation resistance increases + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance decreases + - [[C.]] Radiation resistance becomes imaginary + - [[D.]] Radiation resistance does not depend on frequency +-- +- [[E9D11]] (D) +Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director? #card + - [[A.]] Lower SWR + - [[B.]] Higher receiving directivity factor + - [[C.]] Greater front-to-side + - [[D.]] Higher gain +-- +- [[E9D12]] (C) +What is the purpose of making a Yagi’s parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Wind torque cancellation + - [[B.]] Mechanical balance + - [[C.]] Control of phase shift + - [[D.]] Minimize losses diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97bccd6 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9E/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E9E Impedance matching: matching antennas to feed lines; phasing lines; power dividers + +- [[E9E01]] (B) +Which matching system for Yagi antennas requires the driven element to be insulated from the boom? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma + - [[B.]] Beta or hairpin + - [[C.]] Shunt-fed + - [[D.]] T-match +-- +- [[E9E02]] (A) +What antenna matching system matches coaxial cable to an antenna by connecting the shield to the center of the antenna and the conductor a fraction of a wavelength to one side? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma match + - [[B.]] Delta match + - [[C.]] T-match + - [[D.]] Stub match +-- +- [[E9E03]] (D) +What matching system uses a short length of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma match + - [[B.]] Delta match + - [[C.]] T-match + - [[D.]] Stub match +-- +- [[E9E04]] (B) +What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma match? #card + - [[A.]] To provide DC isolation between the feed line and the antenna + - [[B.]] To cancel unwanted inductive reactance + - [[C.]] To provide a rejection notch that prevents the radiation of harmonics + - [[D.]] To transform the antenna impedance to a higher value +-- +- [[E9E05]] (A) +What Yagi driven element feed point impedance is required to use a beta or hairpin matching system? #card + - [[A.]] Capacitive (driven element electrically shorter than 1/2 wavelength) + - [[B.]] Inductive (driven element electrically longer than 1/2 wavelength) + - [[C.]] Purely resistive + - [[D.]] Purely reactive +-- +- [[E9E06]] (C) +Which of these transmission line impedances would be suitable for constructing a quarter-wave Q-section for matching a 100-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms + - [[B.]] 62 ohms + - [[C.]] 75 ohms + - [[D.]] 90 ohms +-- +- [[E9E07]] (B) +What parameter describes the interaction of a load and transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] Characteristic impedance + - [[B.]] Reflection coefficient + - [[C.]] Velocity factor + - [[D.]] Dielectric constant +-- +- [[E9E08]] (C) +What is a use for a Wilkinson divider? #card + - [[A.]] To divide the operating frequency of a transmitter signal so it can be used on a lower frequency band + - [[B.]] To feed high-impedance antennas from a low-impedance source + - [[C.]] To divide power equally between two 50-ohm loads while maintaining 50-ohm input impedance + - [[D.]] To divide the frequency of the input to a counter to increase its frequency range +-- +- [[E9E09]] (C) +Which of the following is used to shunt feed a grounded tower at its base? #card + - [[A.]] Double-bazooka match + - [[B.]] Beta or hairpin match + - [[C.]] Gamma match + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9E10]] Question Deleted (section not renumbered) +~~ + +- [[E9E11]] (A) +What is the purpose of using multiple driven elements connected through phasing lines? #card + - [[A.]] To control the antenna’s radiation pattern + - [[B.]] To prevent harmonic radiation from the transmitter + - [[C.]] To allow single-band antennas to operate on other bands + - [[D.]] To create a low-angle radiation pattern diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6813f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_29.901Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E9F Transmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines; coax versus open wire; velocity factor; electrical length; coaxial cable dielectrics; microstrip + +- [[E9F01]] (D) +What is the velocity factor of a transmission line? + - [[A.]] The ratio of its characteristic impedance to its termination impedance + - [[B.]] The ratio of its termination impedance to its characteristic impedance + - [[C.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in a vacuum + - [[D.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuum +-- +- [[E9F02]] (C) +Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line? + - [[A.]] The characteristic impedance + - [[B.]] The transmission line length + - [[C.]] The insulating dielectric material + - [[D.]] The center conductor resistivity +-- +- [[E9F03]] (D) +Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length? + - [[A.]] Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[B.]] Skin effect is more pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[C.]] Electromagnetic waves move faster in coaxial cable than in air + - [[D.]] Electromagnetic waves move more slowly in a coaxial cable than in air +-- +- [[E9F04]] (B) +What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[D.]] The same as the output impedance of the RF generator +-- +- [[E9F05]] (D) +What is microstrip? + - [[A.]] Special shielding material designed for microwave frequencies + - [[B.]] Miniature coax used for low power applications + - [[C.]] Short lengths of coax mounted on printed circuit boards to minimize time delay between microwave circuits + - [[D.]] Precision printed circuit conductors above a ground plane that provide constant impedance interconnects at microwave frequencies +-- +- [[E9F06]] (C) +What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz? + - [[A.]] 7.0 meters + - [[B.]] 8.5 meters + - [[C.]] 10.6 meters + - [[D.]] 13.3 meters +-- +- [[E9F07]] (A) +How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric? + - [[A.]] Lower loss + - [[B.]] Higher SWR + - [[C.]] Smaller reflection coefficient + - [[D.]] Lower velocity factor +-- +- [[E9F08]] (D) +Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same? + - [[A.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower safe maximum operating voltage + - [[B.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower loss per unit of length + - [[C.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has higher velocity factor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9F09]] (A) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line + - [[D.]] The same as the generator output impedance +-- +- [[E9F10]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? + - [[A.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[B.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[C.]] An inductive reactance + - [[D.]] Zero +-- +- [[E9F11]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] An inductive reactance + - [[C.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[D.]] Infinite +-- +- [[E9F12]] (D) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] The same as the input impedance to the generator + - [[C.]] Very high impedance + - [[D.]] Very low impedance diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2c4fdd --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9F/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,85 @@ +E9F Transmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines; coax versus open wire; velocity factor; electrical length; coaxial cable dielectrics; microstrip + +- [[E9F01]] (D) +What is the velocity factor of a transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of its characteristic impedance to its termination impedance + - [[B.]] The ratio of its termination impedance to its characteristic impedance + - [[C.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in a vacuum + - [[D.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuum +-- +- [[E9F02]] (C) +Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] The characteristic impedance + - [[B.]] The transmission line length + - [[C.]] The insulating dielectric material + - [[D.]] The center conductor resistivity +-- +- [[E9F03]] (D) +Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[B.]] Skin effect is more pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[C.]] Electromagnetic waves move faster in coaxial cable than in air + - [[D.]] Electromagnetic waves move more slowly in a coaxial cable than in air +-- +- [[E9F04]] (B) +What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[D.]] The same as the output impedance of the RF generator +-- +- [[E9F05]] (D) +What is microstrip? #card + - [[A.]] Special shielding material designed for microwave frequencies + - [[B.]] Miniature coax used for low power applications + - [[C.]] Short lengths of coax mounted on printed circuit boards to minimize time delay between microwave circuits + - [[D.]] Precision printed circuit conductors above a ground plane that provide constant impedance interconnects at microwave frequencies +-- +- [[E9F06]] (C) +What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 7.0 meters + - [[B.]] 8.5 meters + - [[C.]] 10.6 meters + - [[D.]] 13.3 meters +-- +- [[E9F07]] (A) +How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric? #card + - [[A.]] Lower loss + - [[B.]] Higher SWR + - [[C.]] Smaller reflection coefficient + - [[D.]] Lower velocity factor +-- +- [[E9F08]] (D) +Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same? #card + - [[A.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower safe maximum operating voltage + - [[B.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower loss per unit of length + - [[C.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has higher velocity factor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9F09]] (A) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line + - [[D.]] The same as the generator output impedance +-- +- [[E9F10]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[B.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[C.]] An inductive reactance + - [[D.]] Zero +-- +- [[E9F11]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] An inductive reactance + - [[C.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[D.]] Infinite +-- +- [[E9F12]] (D) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] The same as the input impedance to the generator + - [[C.]] Very high impedance + - [[D.]] Very low impedance diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_29.902Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_29.902Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..645dd86 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_29.902Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E9G The Smith chart + +- [[E9G01]] (A) +Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart? + - [[A.]] Impedance along transmission lines + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance + - [[C.]] Antenna radiation pattern + - [[D.]] Radio propagation +-- +- [[E9G02]] (B) +What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart? + - [[A.]] Voltage circles and current arcs + - [[B.]] Resistance circles and reactance arcs + - [[C.]] Voltage chords and current chords + - [[D.]] Resistance lines and reactance chords +-- +- [[E9G03]] (C) +Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart? + - [[A.]] Beam headings and radiation patterns + - [[B.]] Satellite azimuth and elevation bearings + - [[C.]] Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines + - [[D.]] Point-to-point propagation reliability as a function of frequency +-- +- [[E9G04]] (C) +What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart? + - [[A.]] Inductance and capacitance + - [[B.]] Reactance and voltage + - [[C.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[D.]] Voltage and impedance +-- +- [[E9G05]] (A) +Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart? + - [[A.]] Determine the length and position of an impedance matching stub + - [[B.]] Determine the impedance of a transmission line, given the physical dimensions + - [[C.]] Determine the gain of an antenna given the physical and electrical parameters + - [[D.]] Determine the loss/100 feet of a transmission line, given the velocity factor and conductor materials +-- +- [[E9G06]] (B) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate? + - [[A.]] Prime axis + - [[B.]] Reactance axis + - [[C.]] Impedance axis + - [[D.]] Polar axis +-- +- [[E9G07]] (D) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown? + - [[A.]] The reactance axis + - [[B.]] The current axis + - [[C.]] The voltage axis + - [[D.]] The resistance axis +-- +- [[E9G08]] (C) +How is a Smith chart normalized? + - [[A.]] Reassign the reactance axis with resistance values + - [[B.]] Reassign the resistance axis with reactance values + - [[C.]] Reassign the prime center’s impedance value + - [[D.]] Reassign the prime center to the reactance axis +-- +- [[E9G09]] (A) +What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks? + - [[A.]] Constant-SWR circles + - [[B.]] Transmission line length circles + - [[C.]] Coaxial-length circles + - [[D.]] Radiation-pattern circles +-- +- [[E9G10]] (D) +What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent? + - [[A.]] Frequency + - [[B.]] SWR + - [[C.]] Points with constant resistance + - [[D.]] Points with constant reactance +-- +- [[E9G11]] (B) +In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated? + - [[A.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical frequency + - [[B.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical wavelength + - [[C.]] In fractions of antenna electrical wavelength + - [[D.]] In fractions of antenna electrical frequency diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6565831 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9G/2025-05-01T20_36_51.635Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E9G The Smith chart + +- [[E9G01]] (A) +Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Impedance along transmission lines + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance + - [[C.]] Antenna radiation pattern + - [[D.]] Radio propagation +-- +- [[E9G02]] (B) +What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage circles and current arcs + - [[B.]] Resistance circles and reactance arcs + - [[C.]] Voltage chords and current chords + - [[D.]] Resistance lines and reactance chords +-- +- [[E9G03]] (C) +Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Beam headings and radiation patterns + - [[B.]] Satellite azimuth and elevation bearings + - [[C.]] Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines + - [[D.]] Point-to-point propagation reliability as a function of frequency +-- +- [[E9G04]] (C) +What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Inductance and capacitance + - [[B.]] Reactance and voltage + - [[C.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[D.]] Voltage and impedance +-- +- [[E9G05]] (A) +Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Determine the length and position of an impedance matching stub + - [[B.]] Determine the impedance of a transmission line, given the physical dimensions + - [[C.]] Determine the gain of an antenna given the physical and electrical parameters + - [[D.]] Determine the loss/100 feet of a transmission line, given the velocity factor and conductor materials +-- +- [[E9G06]] (B) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate? #card + - [[A.]] Prime axis + - [[B.]] Reactance axis + - [[C.]] Impedance axis + - [[D.]] Polar axis +-- +- [[E9G07]] (D) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown? #card + - [[A.]] The reactance axis + - [[B.]] The current axis + - [[C.]] The voltage axis + - [[D.]] The resistance axis +-- +- [[E9G08]] (C) +How is a Smith chart normalized? #card + - [[A.]] Reassign the reactance axis with resistance values + - [[B.]] Reassign the resistance axis with reactance values + - [[C.]] Reassign the prime center’s impedance value + - [[D.]] Reassign the prime center to the reactance axis +-- +- [[E9G09]] (A) +What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks? #card + - [[A.]] Constant-SWR circles + - [[B.]] Transmission line length circles + - [[C.]] Coaxial-length circles + - [[D.]] Radiation-pattern circles +-- +- [[E9G10]] (D) +What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent? #card + - [[A.]] Frequency + - [[B.]] SWR + - [[C.]] Points with constant resistance + - [[D.]] Points with constant reactance +-- +- [[E9G11]] (B) +In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated? #card + - [[A.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical frequency + - [[B.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical wavelength + - [[C.]] In fractions of antenna electrical wavelength + - [[D.]] In fractions of antenna electrical frequency diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..53bb69b --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_29.900Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E9H Receiving antennas: radio direction finding (RDF) techniques; Beverage antennas; single- and multiple-turn loops + +- [[E9H01]] (D) +When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency? + - [[A.]] Its overall length must not exceed 1/4 wavelength + - [[B.]] It must be mounted more than 1 wavelength above ground + - [[C.]] It should be configured as a four-sided loop + - [[D.]] It should be at least one wavelength long +-- +- [[E9H02]] (A) +Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas? + - [[A.]] Atmospheric noise is so high that directivity is much more important than losses + - [[B.]] They must be erected at least 1/2 wavelength above the ground to attain good directivity + - [[C.]] Low loss coax transmission line is essential for good performance + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H03]] (D) +What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)? + - [[A.]] Forward gain compared to the gain in the reverse direction + - [[B.]] Relative directivity compared to isotropic + - [[C.]] Relative directivity compared to a dipole + - [[D.]] Peak antenna gain compared to average gain over the hemisphere around and above the antenna +-- +- [[E9H04]] (B) +What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna? + - [[A.]] It adds capacitive loading, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna + - [[B.]] It eliminates unbalanced capacitive coupling to the antenna’s surroundings, improving the depth of its nulls + - [[C.]] It eliminates tracking errors caused by strong out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] It increases signal strength by providing a better match to the feed line +-- +- [[E9H05]] (A) +What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding? + - [[A.]] It has a bidirectional null pattern + - [[B.]] It does not have a clearly defined null + - [[C.]] It is practical for use only on VHF and higher bands + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H06]] (D) +What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna? + - [[A.]] Maximum feed point DC resistance at the center of the desired frequency range + - [[B.]] Minimum low-angle front-to-back ratio at the design frequency + - [[C.]] Maximum DC current in the terminating resistor + - [[D.]] Minimum variation in SWR over the desired frequency range +-- +- [[E9H07]] (B) +What is the function of a Beverage antenna’s termination resistor? + - [[A.]] Increase the front-to-side ratio + - [[B.]] Absorb signals from the reverse direction + - [[C.]] Decrease SWR bandwidth + - [[D.]] Eliminate harmonic reception +-- +- [[E9H08]] (A) +What is the function of a sense antenna? + - [[A.]] It modifies the pattern of a DF antenna to provide a null in only one direction + - [[B.]] It increases the sensitivity of a DF antenna array + - [[C.]] It allows DF antennas to receive signals at different vertical angles + - [[D.]] It provides diversity reception that cancels multipath signals +-- +- [[E9H09]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna? + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Bidirectional + - [[C.]] Omnidirectional + - [[D.]] Hyperbolic +-- +- [[E9H10]] (C) +How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased? + - [[A.]] By reducing the permeability of the loop shield + - [[B.]] By utilizing high impedance wire for the coupling loop + - [[C.]] By increasing the number of turns and/or the area enclosed by the loop + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H11]] (B) +What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas? + - [[A.]] A very sharp peak + - [[B.]] A single null + - [[C.]] Broadband response + - [[D.]] High radiation angle diff --git a/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md b/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2bed2d --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/bak/pages/E9H/2025-05-01T20_36_51.636Z.Desktop.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E9H Receiving antennas: radio direction finding (RDF) techniques; Beverage antennas; single- and multiple-turn loops + +- [[E9H01]] (D) +When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Its overall length must not exceed 1/4 wavelength + - [[B.]] It must be mounted more than 1 wavelength above ground + - [[C.]] It should be configured as a four-sided loop + - [[D.]] It should be at least one wavelength long +-- +- [[E9H02]] (A) +Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas? #card + - [[A.]] Atmospheric noise is so high that directivity is much more important than losses + - [[B.]] They must be erected at least 1/2 wavelength above the ground to attain good directivity + - [[C.]] Low loss coax transmission line is essential for good performance + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H03]] (D) +What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)? #card + - [[A.]] Forward gain compared to the gain in the reverse direction + - [[B.]] Relative directivity compared to isotropic + - [[C.]] Relative directivity compared to a dipole + - [[D.]] Peak antenna gain compared to average gain over the hemisphere around and above the antenna +-- +- [[E9H04]] (B) +What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It adds capacitive loading, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna + - [[B.]] It eliminates unbalanced capacitive coupling to the antenna’s surroundings, improving the depth of its nulls + - [[C.]] It eliminates tracking errors caused by strong out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] It increases signal strength by providing a better match to the feed line +-- +- [[E9H05]] (A) +What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding? #card + - [[A.]] It has a bidirectional null pattern + - [[B.]] It does not have a clearly defined null + - [[C.]] It is practical for use only on VHF and higher bands + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H06]] (D) +What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Maximum feed point DC resistance at the center of the desired frequency range + - [[B.]] Minimum low-angle front-to-back ratio at the design frequency + - [[C.]] Maximum DC current in the terminating resistor + - [[D.]] Minimum variation in SWR over the desired frequency range +-- +- [[E9H07]] (B) +What is the function of a Beverage antenna’s termination resistor? #card + - [[A.]] Increase the front-to-side ratio + - [[B.]] Absorb signals from the reverse direction + - [[C.]] Decrease SWR bandwidth + - [[D.]] Eliminate harmonic reception +-- +- [[E9H08]] (A) +What is the function of a sense antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It modifies the pattern of a DF antenna to provide a null in only one direction + - [[B.]] It increases the sensitivity of a DF antenna array + - [[C.]] It allows DF antennas to receive signals at different vertical angles + - [[D.]] It provides diversity reception that cancels multipath signals +-- +- [[E9H09]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Bidirectional + - [[C.]] Omnidirectional + - [[D.]] Hyperbolic +-- +- [[E9H10]] (C) +How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased? #card + - [[A.]] By reducing the permeability of the loop shield + - [[B.]] By utilizing high impedance wire for the coupling loop + - [[C.]] By increasing the number of turns and/or the area enclosed by the loop + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +-- +- [[E9H11]] (B) +What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas? #card + - [[A.]] A very sharp peak + - [[B.]] A single null + - [[C.]] Broadband response + - [[D.]] High radiation angle diff --git a/logseq/config.edn b/logseq/config.edn new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ef6e65 --- /dev/null +++ b/logseq/config.edn @@ -0,0 +1,421 @@ +{:meta/version 1 + + ;; Set the preferred format. + ;; Available options: + ;; - Markdown (default) + ;; - Org + ;; :preferred-format "Markdown" + + ;; Set the preferred workflow style. + ;; Available options: + ;; - :now for NOW/LATER style (default) + ;; - :todo for TODO/DOING style + :preferred-workflow :now + + ;; Exclude directories/files. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :hidden ["/archived" "/test.md" "../assets/archived"] + :hidden [] + + ;; Define the default journal page template. + ;; Enter the template name between the quotes. + :default-templates + {:journals ""} + + ;; Set a custom date format for the journal page title. + ;; Default value: "MMM do, yyyy" + ;; e.g., "Jan 19th, 2038" + ;; Example usage e.g., "Tue 19th, Jan 2038" + ;; :journal/page-title-format "EEE do, MMM yyyy" + + ;; Specify the journal filename format using a valid date format string. + ;; !Warning: + ;; This configuration is not retroactive and affects only new journals. + ;; To show old journal files in the app, manually rename the files in the + ;; journal directory to match the new format. + ;; Default value: "yyyy_MM_dd" + ;; :journal/file-name-format "yyyy_MM_dd" + + ;; Enable tooltip preview on hover. + ;; Default value: true + :ui/enable-tooltip? true + + ;; Display brackets [[]] around page references. + ;; Default value: true + ;; :ui/show-brackets? true + + ;; Display all lines of a block when referencing ((block)). + ;; Default value: false + :ui/show-full-blocks? false + + ;; Automatically expand block references when zooming in. + ;; Default value: true + :ui/auto-expand-block-refs? true + + ;; Enable Block timestamps. + ;; Default value: false + :feature/enable-block-timestamps? false + + ;; Disable accent marks when searching. + ;; After changing this setting, rebuild the search index by pressing (^C ^S). + ;; Default value: true + :feature/enable-search-remove-accents? true + + ;; Enable journals. + ;; Default value: true + ;; :feature/enable-journals? true + + ;; Enable flashcards. + ;; Default value: true + ;; :feature/enable-flashcards? true + + ;; Enable whiteboards. + ;; Default value: true + ;; :feature/enable-whiteboards? true + + ;; Disable the journal's built-in 'Scheduled tasks and deadlines' query. + ;; Default value: false + ;; :feature/disable-scheduled-and-deadline-query? false + + ;; Specify the number of days displayed in the future for + ;; the 'scheduled tasks and deadlines' query. + ;; Example usage: + ;; Display all scheduled and deadline blocks for the next 14 days: + ;; :scheduled/future-days 14 + ;; Default value: 7 + ;; :scheduled/future-days 7 + + ;; Specify the first day of the week. + ;; Available options: + ;; - integer from 0 to 6 (Monday to Sunday) + ;; Default value: 6 (Sunday) + :start-of-week 6 + + ;; Specify a custom CSS import. + ;; This option takes precedence over the local `logseq/custom.css` file. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :custom-css-url "@import url('https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/dracula/logseq@master/custom.css');" + + ;; Specify a custom JS import. + ;; This option takes precedence over the local `logseq/custom.js` file. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :custom-js-url "https://cdn.logseq.com/custom.js" + + ;; Set a custom Arweave gateway + ;; Default gateway: https://arweave.net + ;; :arweave/gateway "https://arweave.net" + + ;; Set bullet indentation when exporting + ;; Available options: + ;; - `:eight-spaces` as eight spaces + ;; - `:four-spaces` as four spaces + ;; - `:two-spaces` as two spaces + ;; - `:tab` as a tab character (default) + ;; :export/bullet-indentation :tab + + ;; Publish all pages within the Graph + ;; Regardless of whether individual pages have been marked as public. + ;; Default value: false + ;; :publishing/all-pages-public? false + + ;; Define the default home page and sidebar status. + ;; If unspecified, the journal page will be loaded on startup and the right sidebar will stay hidden. + ;; The `:page` value represents the name of the page displayed at startup. + ;; Available options for `:sidebar` are: + ;; - "Contents" to display the Contents page in the right sidebar. + ;; - A specific page name to display in the right sidebar. + ;; - An array of multiple pages, e.g., ["Contents" "Page A" "Page B"]. + ;; If `:sidebar` remains unset, the right sidebar will stay hidden. + ;; Examples: + ;; 1. Set "Changelog" as the home page and display "Contents" in the right sidebar: + ;; :default-home {:page "Changelog", :sidebar "Contents"} + ;; 2. Set "Jun 3rd, 2021" as the home page without the right sidebar: + ;; :default-home {:page "Jun 3rd, 2021"} + ;; 3. Set "home" as the home page and display multiple pages in the right sidebar: + ;; :default-home {:page "home", :sidebar ["Page A" "Page B"]} + + ;; Set the default location for storing notes. + ;; Default value: "pages" + ;; :pages-directory "pages" + + ;; Set the default location for storing journals. + ;; Default value: "journals" + ;; :journals-directory "journals" + + ;; Set the default location for storing whiteboards. + ;; Default value: "whiteboards" + ;; :whiteboards-directory "whiteboards" + + ;; Enabling this option converts + ;; [[Grant Ideas]] to [[file:./grant_ideas.org][Grant Ideas]] for org-mode. + ;; For more information, visit https://github.com/logseq/logseq/issues/672 + ;; :org-mode/insert-file-link? false + + ;; Configure custom shortcuts. + ;; Syntax: + ;; 1. + indicates simultaneous key presses, e.g., `Ctrl+Shift+a`. + ;; 2. A space between keys represents key chords, e.g., `t s` means + ;; pressing `t` followed by `s`. + ;; 3. mod refers to `Ctrl` for Windows/Linux and `Command` for Mac. + ;; 4. Use false to disable a specific shortcut. + ;; 5. You can define multiple bindings for a single action, e.g., ["ctrl+j" "down"]. + ;; The full list of configurable shortcuts is available at: + ;; https://github.com/logseq/logseq/blob/master/src/main/frontend/modules/shortcut/config.cljs + ;; Example: + ;; :shortcuts + ;; {:editor/new-block "enter" + ;; :editor/new-line "shift+enter" + ;; :editor/insert-link "mod+shift+k" + ;; :editor/highlight false + ;; :ui/toggle-settings "t s" + ;; :editor/up ["ctrl+k" "up"] + ;; :editor/down ["ctrl+j" "down"] + ;; :editor/left ["ctrl+h" "left"] + ;; :editor/right ["ctrl+l" "right"]} + :shortcuts {} + + ;; Configure the behavior of pressing Enter in document mode. + ;; if set to true, pressing Enter will create a new block. + ;; Default value: false + :shortcut/doc-mode-enter-for-new-block? false + + ;; Block content larger than `block/content-max-length` will not be searchable + ;; or editable for performance. + ;; Default value: 10000 + :block/content-max-length 10000 + + ;; Display command documentation on hover. + ;; Default value: true + :ui/show-command-doc? true + + ;; Display empty bullet points. + ;; Default value: false + :ui/show-empty-bullets? false + + ;; Pre-defined :view function to use with advanced queries. + :query/views + {:pprint + (fn [r] [:pre.code (pprint r)])} + + ;; Advanced queries `:result-transform` function. + ;; Transform the query result before displaying it. + :query/result-transforms + {:sort-by-priority + (fn [result] (sort-by (fn [h] (get h :block/priority "Z")) result))} + + ;; The following queries will be displayed at the bottom of today's journal page. + ;; The "NOW" query returns tasks with "NOW" or "DOING" status. + ;; The "NEXT" query returns tasks with "NOW", "LATER", or "TODO" status. + :default-queries + {:journals + [{:title "🔨 NOW" + :query [:find (pull ?h [*]) + :in $ ?start ?today + :where + [?h :block/marker ?marker] + [(contains? #{"NOW" "DOING"} ?marker)] + [?h :block/page ?p] + [?p :block/journal? true] + [?p :block/journal-day ?d] + [(>= ?d ?start)] + [(<= ?d ?today)]] + :inputs [:14d :today] + :result-transform (fn [result] + (sort-by (fn [h] + (get h :block/priority "Z")) result)) + :group-by-page? false + :collapsed? false} + {:title "📅 NEXT" + :query [:find (pull ?h [*]) + :in $ ?start ?next + :where + [?h :block/marker ?marker] + [(contains? #{"NOW" "LATER" "TODO"} ?marker)] + [?h :block/page ?p] + [?p :block/journal? true] + [?p :block/journal-day ?d] + [(> ?d ?start)] + [(< ?d ?next)]] + :inputs [:today :7d-after] + :group-by-page? false + :collapsed? false}]} + + ;; Add custom commands to the command palette + ;; Example usage: + ;; :commands + ;; [ + ;; ["js" "Javascript"] + ;; ["md" "Markdown"] + ;; ] + :commands [] + + ;; Enable collapsing blocks with titles but no children. + ;; By default, only blocks with children can be collapsed. + ;; Setting `:outliner/block-title-collapse-enabled?` to true allows collapsing + ;; blocks with titles (multiple lines) and content. For example: + ;; - block title + ;; block content + ;; Default value: false + :outliner/block-title-collapse-enabled? false + + ;; Macros replace texts and will make you more productive. + ;; Example usage: + ;; Change the :macros value below to: + ;; {"poem" "Rose is $1, violet's $2. Life's ordered: Org assists you."} + ;; input "{{poem red,blue}}" + ;; becomes + ;; Rose is red, violet's blue. Life's ordered: Org assists you. + :macros {} + + ;; Configure the default expansion level for linked references. + ;; For example, consider the following block hierarchy: + ;; - a [[page]] (level 1) + ;; - b (level 2) + ;; - c (level 3) + ;; - d (level 4) + ;; + ;; With the default value of level 2, block b will be collapsed. + ;; If the level's value is set to 3, block c will be collapsed. + ;; Default value: 2 + :ref/default-open-blocks-level 2 + + ;; Configure the threshold for linked references before collapsing. + ;; Default value: 100 + :ref/linked-references-collapsed-threshold 50 + + ;; Graph view configuration. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :graph/settings + ;; {:orphan-pages? true ; Default value: true + ;; :builtin-pages? false ; Default value: false + ;; :excluded-pages? false ; Default value: false + ;; :journal? false} ; Default value: false + + ;; Graph view configuration. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :graph/forcesettings + ;; {:link-dist 180 ; Default value: 180 + ;; :charge-strength -600 ; Default value: -600 + ;; :charge-range 600} ; Default value: 600 + + ;; Favorites to list on the left sidebar + :favorites [] + + ;; Set flashcards interval. + ;; Expected value: + ;; - Float between 0 and 1 + ;; higher values result in faster changes to the next review interval. + ;; Default value: 0.5 + ;; :srs/learning-fraction 0.5 + + ;; Set the initial interval after the first successful review of a card. + ;; Default value: 4 + ;; :srs/initial-interval 4 + + ;; Hide specific block properties. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :block-hidden-properties #{:public :icon} + + ;; Create a page for all properties. + ;; Default value: true + :property-pages/enabled? true + + ;; Properties to exclude from having property pages + ;; Example usage: + ;; :property-pages/excludelist #{:duration :author} + + ;; By default, property value separated by commas will not be treated as + ;; page references. You can add properties to enable it. + ;; Example usage: + ;; :property/separated-by-commas #{:alias :tags} + + ;; Properties that are ignored when parsing property values for references + ;; Example usage: + ;; :ignored-page-references-keywords #{:author :website} + + ;; logbook configuration. + ;; :logbook/settings + ;; {:with-second-support? false ;limit logbook to minutes, seconds will be eliminated + ;; :enabled-in-all-blocks true ;display logbook in all blocks after timetracking + ;; :enabled-in-timestamped-blocks false ;don't display logbook at all + ;; } + + ;; Mobile photo upload configuration. + ;; :mobile/photo + ;; {:allow-editing? true + ;; :quality 80} + + ;; Mobile features options + ;; Gestures + ;; Example usage: + ;; :mobile + ;; {:gestures/disabled-in-block-with-tags ["kanban"]} + + ;; Extra CodeMirror options + ;; See https://codemirror.net/5/doc/manual.html#config for possible options + ;; Example usage: + ;; :editor/extra-codemirror-options + ;; {:lineWrapping false ; Default value: false + ;; :lineNumbers true ; Default value: true + ;; :readOnly false} ; Default value: false + + ;; Enable logical outdenting + ;; Default value: false + ;; :editor/logical-outdenting? false + + ;; Prefer pasting the file when text and a file are in the clipboard. + ;; Default value: false + ;; :editor/preferred-pasting-file? false + + ;; Quick capture templates for receiving content from other apps. + ;; Each template contains three elements {time}, {text} and {url}, which can be auto-expanded + ;; by receiving content from other apps. Note: the {} cannot be omitted. + ;; - {time}: capture time + ;; - {date}: capture date using current date format, use `[[{date}]]` to get a page reference + ;; - {text}: text that users selected before sharing. + ;; - {url}: URL or assets path for media files stored in Logseq. + ;; You can also reorder them or use only one or two of them in the template. + ;; You can also insert or format any text in the template, as shown in the following examples. + ;; :quick-capture-templates + ;; {:text "[[quick capture]] **{time}**: {text} from {url}" + ;; :media "[[quick capture]] **{time}**: {url}"} + + ;; Quick capture options. + ;; - insert-today? Insert the capture at the end of today's journal page (boolean). + ;; - redirect-page? Redirect to the quick capture page after capturing (boolean). + ;; - default-page The default page to capture to if insert-today? is false (string). + ;; :quick-capture-options + ;; {:insert-today? false ;; Default value: true + ;; :redirect-page? false ;; Default value: false + ;; :default-page "quick capture"} ;; Default page: "quick capture" + + ;; File sync options + ;; Ignore these files when syncing, regexp is supported. + ;; :file-sync/ignore-files [] + + ;; Configure the Enter key behavior for + ;; context-aware editing with DWIM (Do What I Mean). + ;; context-aware Enter key behavior implies that pressing Enter will + ;; have different outcomes based on the context. + ;; For instance, pressing Enter within a list generates a new list item, + ;; whereas pressing Enter in a block reference opens the referenced block. + ;; :dwim/settings + ;; {:admonition&src? true ;; Default value: true + ;; :markup? false ;; Default value: false + ;; :block-ref? true ;; Default value: true + ;; :page-ref? true ;; Default value: true + ;; :properties? true ;; Default value: true + ;; :list? false} ;; Default value: false + + ;; Configure the escaping method for special characters in page titles. + ;; Warning: + ;; This is a dangerous operation. To modify the setting, + ;; access the 'Filename format' setting and follow the instructions. + ;; Otherwise, You may need to manually rename all affected files and + ;; re-index them on all clients after synchronization. + ;; Incorrect handling may result in messy page titles. + ;; Available options: + ;; - :triple-lowbar (default) + ;; ;use triple underscore `___` for slash `/` in page title + ;; ;use Percent-encoding for other invalid characters + :file/name-format :triple-lowbar} diff --git a/logseq/custom.css b/logseq/custom.css new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/pages/About.md b/pages/About.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..30b63fe --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/About.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +- This document was created using the November 8, 2024 version of the **2024- 2028 Extra Class Question Pool Release**, available here: https://ncvec.org/downloads/2024-2028%20Extra%20Class%20Question%20Pool%20and%20Syllabus%20Public%20Release%20with%202nd%20Errata%20Nov%208%202024.docx + - This is provided for the use of Hams who use (or would like to use!) Logseq for personal knowledge management, by AF0CX. + - conversion to Logseq markdown format was hobbled together with judicious use of `sed`and `grep` +- Refer to the [[Extra Syllabus]], which has links to Subelements, Sections and Questions. + - Example 1: [[SUBELEMENT E1]] for a subelement + - Example 2: [[E1A]] for a section in that subelement + - Example 3: [[E1A01]] for a question in that section +- It is up to the person studying to embellish and take notes based on the links. + - for example, if you are studying and see something related to question [[T0A01]], you can simply link it or use a hashtag. + - You can further expand your knowledge by putting double brackets around terms or concepts that you want to define, such as [[MHz]] or [[Capacitance]]. + - Hint: highlight words you want to study and then go to the linked page, and expand "unlinked references" to find questions that relate to that topic. + - As you progress, you will have a graph of meaningful links and relations that should provide you a strong basis for expanding your knowledge beyond "just passing" and understanding the material at a deeper level. +- Questions retain the correct answer (A-D) in the header, as well as any references to other documents. + - When running through flash cards, try to remember what the correct answer is *before* revealing the answer. +- Disclaimers + - This document is provided as-is and without any kind of warranty. I have attempted to make sure that it is error-free, but mistakes can happen. Use at your own risk. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E0A.md b/pages/E0A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9398b16 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E0A.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E0A Safety: RF radiation hazards; hazardous materials; grounding + +- [[E0A01]] (B) +What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod? #card + - [[A.]] Prevent static build up on power lines + - [[B.]] Lightning charge dissipation + - [[C.]] Reduce RF current flow between pieces of equipment + - [[D.]] Protect breaker panel from power surges +- [[E0A02]] (B) +When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor’s home, what must you do? #card + - [[A.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[B.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits + - [[C.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the controlled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits + - [[D.]] Ensure signals from your station are less than the uncontrolled maximum permissible emission (MPE) limits +- [[E0A03]] (C) +Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive? #card + - [[A.]] 300 kHz - 3 MHz + - [[B.]] 3 - 30 MHz + - [[C.]] 30 - 300 MHz + - [[D.]] 300 - 3000 MHz +- [[E0A04]] (C) +When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations? #card + - [[A.]] Each transmitter that produces 20 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[B.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 25 percent + - [[C.]] Each transmitter that produces 5 percent or more of its MPE limit in areas where the total MPE limit is exceeded + - [[D.]] Each transmitter operating with a duty cycle greater than 50 percent +- [[E0A05]] (B) +What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Microwaves are ionizing radiation + - [[B.]] The high gain antennas commonly used can result in high exposure levels + - [[C.]] Microwaves are in the frequency range where wave velocity is higher + - [[D.]] The extremely high frequency energy can damage the joints of antenna structures +- [[E0A06]] (D) +Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] The body reacts to electromagnetic radiation from both the E and H fields + - [[B.]] Ground reflections and scattering cause the field strength to vary with location + - [[C.]] E field and H field radiation intensity peaks can occur at different locations + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E0A07]] (B) +What is meant by “100% tie-off” regarding tower safety? #card + - [[A.]] All loose ropes and guys secured to a fixed structure + - [[B.]] At least one lanyard attached to the tower at all times + - [[C.]] All tools secured to the climber’s harness + - [[D.]] All circuit breakers feeding power to the tower must be tied closed with tape, cable, or ties +- [[E0A08]] (C) +What does SAR measure? #card + - [[A.]] Signal attenuation ratio + - [[B.]] Signal amplification rating + - [[C.]] The rate at which RF energy is absorbed by the body + - [[D.]] The rate of RF energy reflected from stationary terrain +- [[E0A09]] (C) +Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations? #card + - [[A.]] Transceivers with less than 7 watts of RF output + - [[B.]] Antennas that radiate only in the near field + - [[C.]] Hand-held transceivers sold before May 3, 2021 + - [[D.]] Dish antennas less than one meter in diameter +- [[E0A10]] (A) +When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters? + - [[A.]] An evaluation must always be performed + - [[B.]] When the ERP of the station is less than 10 watts + - [[C.]] When the station’s operating mode is CW + - [[D.]] When the output power from the transmitter is less than 100 watts +- [[E0A11]] (D) +To what should lanyards be attached while climbing? #card + - [[A.]] Antenna mast + - [[B.]] Guy brackets + - [[C.]] Tower rungs + - [[D.]] Tower legs +- [[E0A12]] (A) +Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground? #card + - [[A.]] Above the climber’s head level + - [[B.]] To the belt of the fall-arrest harness + - [[C.]] Even with the climber's waist + - [[D.]] To the next lowes diff --git a/pages/E1A.md b/pages/E1A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e2a36d7 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1A.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E1A Frequency privileges; signal frequency range; automatic message forwarding; stations aboard ships or aircraft; power restriction on 630- and 2200-meter bands + +- [[E1A01]] (D) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] USB is not used on 20-meter phone + - [[B.]] The lower 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band + - [[C.]] 14.348 MHz is outside the 20-meter band + - [[D.]] The upper 1 kHz of the signal is outside the 20-meter band +- [[E1A02]] (D) [97.301, 97.305] +When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band? #card + - [[A.]] The exact lower band edge + - [[B.]] 300 Hz above the lower band edge + - [[C.]] 1 kHz above the lower band edge + - [[D.]] 3 kHz above the lower band edge +- [[E1A03]] (C) [97.305, 97.307(b)] +What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal? #card + - [[A.]] 14.0708 MHz + - [[B.]] 14.1002 MHz + - [[C.]] 14.1472 MHz + - [[D.]] 14.3490 MHz +- [[E1A04]] (C) [97.301, 97.305] +May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone? #card + - [[A.]] Yes, the entire signal will be inside the SSB allocation for Extra class operators + - [[B.]] Yes, the displayed frequency is within the 75-meter phone band segment + - [[C.]] No, the sideband components will extend beyond the edge of the phone band segment + - [[D.]] No, US stations are not permitted to use phone emissions below 3.610 MHz +- [[E1A05]] (C) [97.5] +Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States? #card + - [[A.]] Only a person with an FCC Marine Radio license grant + - [[B.]] Only a person named in an amateur station license grant + - [[C.]] Any person holding an FCC issued amateur license or who is authorized for alien reciprocal operation + - [[D.]] Any person named in an amateur station license grant or a person holding an unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit +- [[E1A06]] (B) [97.303(h)(1)] +What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation? #card + - [[A.]] At the lowest frequency of the channel + - [[B.]] At the center frequency of the channel + - [[C.]] At the highest frequency of the channel + - [[D.]] On any frequency where the signal’s sidebands are within the channel +- [[E1A07]] (C) [97.313(k)] +What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +- [[E1A08]] (B) [97.219] +If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation? #card + - [[A.]] The control operator of the packet bulletin board station + - [[B.]] The control operator of the originating station + - [[C.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system + - [[D.]] The control operators of all the stations in the system not authenticating the source from which they accept communications +- [[E1A09]] (D) [97.313(l)] +Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] 50 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[B.]] 100 watts PEP (peak envelope power) + - [[C.]] 1 watt EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) + - [[D.]] 5 watts EIRP (equivalent isotropic radiated power) +- [[E1A10]] (A) [97.11] +If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated? #card + - [[A.]] Its operation must be approved by the master of the ship or the pilot in command of the aircraft + - [[B.]] The amateur station operator must agree not to transmit when the main radio of the ship or aircraft is in use + - [[C.]] The amateur station must have a power supply that is completely independent of the main ship or aircraft power supply + - [[D.]] The amateur station must operate only in specific segments of the amateur service HF and VHF bands +- [[E1A11]] (B) [97.5] +What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur license with an FCC Marine or Aircraft endorsement + - [[B.]] Any FCC-issued amateur license + - [[C.]] Only General class or higher amateur licenses + - [[D.]] An unrestricted Radiotelephone Operator Permit diff --git a/pages/E1B.md b/pages/E1B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..79ccd28 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1B.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E1B Station restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating restrictions; spurious emissions; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations + +- [[E1B01]] (D) [97.3] +Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission? #card + - [[A.]] An amateur station transmission made without the proper call sign identification + - [[B.]] A signal transmitted to prevent its detection by any station other than the intended recipient + - [[C.]] Any transmitted signal that unintentionally interferes with another licensed radio station and whose levels exceed 40 dB below the fundamental power level + - [[D.]] An emission outside the signal’s necessary bandwidth that can be reduced or eliminated without affecting the information transmitted +- [[E1B02]] (A) [97.307(f)(2)] +Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for digital voice or slow-scan TV transmissions made on the HF amateur bands? #card + - [[A.]] 3 kHz + - [[B.]] 10 kHz + - [[C.]] 15 kHz + - [[D.]] 20 kHz +- [[E1B03]] (A) [97.13] +Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference? #card + - [[A.]] 1 mile + - [[B.]] 3 miles + - [[C.]] 10 miles + - [[D.]] 30 miles +- [[E1B04]] (C) [97.303(b)] +What must the control operator of a repeater operating in the 70-centimeter band do if a radiolocation system experiences interference from that repeater? #card + - [[A.]] Reduce the repeater antenna HAAT (Height Above Average Terrain) + - [[B.]] File an FAA NOTAM (Notice to Air Missions) with the repeater system's ERP, call sign, and six-character grid locator + - [[C.]] Cease operation or make changes to the repeater that mitigate the interference + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1B05]] (C) [97.3] +What is the National Radio Quiet Zone? #card + - [[A.]] An area surrounding the FCC monitoring station in Laurel, Maryland + - [[B.]] An area in New Mexico surrounding the White Sands Test Area + - [[C.]] An area surrounding the National Radio Astronomy Observatory + - [[D.]] An area in Florida surrounding Cape Canaveral +- [[E1B06]] (A) [97.15] +Which of the following additional rules apply if you are erecting an amateur station antenna structure at a site at or near a public use airport? #card + - [[A.]] You may have to notify the Federal Aviation Administration and register it with the FCC as required by Part 17 of the FCC rules + - [[B.]] You may have to enter the height above ground in meters, and the latitude and longitude in degrees, minutes, and seconds on the FAA website + - [[C.]] You must file an Environmental Impact Statement with the EPA before construction begins + - [[D.]] You must obtain a construction permit from the airport zoning authority per Part 119 of the FAA regulations +- [[E1B07]] (C) [97.15] +To what type of regulations does PRB-1 apply? #card + - [[A.]] Homeowners associations + - [[B.]] FAA tower height limits + - [[C.]] State and local zoning + - [[D.]] Use of wireless devices in vehicles +- [[E1B08]] (D) [97.121] +What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design? #card + - [[A.]] The amateur station must cease operation + - [[B.]] The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies below 30 MHz + - [[C.]] The amateur station must cease operation on all frequencies above 30 MHz + - [[D.]] The amateur station must avoid transmitting during certain hours on frequencies that cause the interference +- [[E1B09]] (C) [97.407] +Which amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules? #card + - [[A.]] Only those club stations licensed to Amateur Extra class operators + - [[B.]] Any FCC-licensed amateur station except a Technician class + - [[C.]] Any FCC-licensed amateur station certified by the responsible civil defense organization for the area served + - [[D.]] Only stations meeting the FCC Part 97 technical standards for operation during an emergency +- [[E1B10]] (A) [97.407] +What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules? #card + - [[A.]] All amateur service frequencies authorized to the control operator + - [[B.]] Specific segments in the amateur service MF, HF, VHF, and UHF bands + - [[C.]] Specific local government channels + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1B11]] (B) [97.15] +What does PRB-1 require of state and local regulations affecting amateur radio antenna size and structures? #card + - [[A.]] No limitations may be placed on antenna size or placement + - [[B.]] Reasonable accommodations of amateur radio must be made + - [[C.]] Such structures must be permitted when use for emergency communications can be demonstrated + - [[D.]] Such structures must be permitted if certified by a registered professional engineer diff --git a/pages/E1C.md b/pages/E1C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8902de1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1C.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E1C Automatic and remote control; band-specific regulations; operating in and communicating with foreign countries; spurious emission standards; HF modulation index limit; band-specific rules + +- [[E1C01]] (D) [97.303] +What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters? #card + - [[A.]] 60 Hz + - [[B.]] 170 Hz + - [[C.]] 1.5 kHz + - [[D.]] 2.8 kHz +- [[E1C02]] (C) [97.117] +Which of the following apply to communications transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries? #card + - [[A.]] Third party traffic must be limited to that intended for the exclusive use of government and non-Government Organization (NGOs) involved in emergency relief activities + - [[B.]] All transmissions must be in English + - [[C.]] Communications must be limited to those incidental to the purpose of the amateur service and remarks of a personal nature + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1C03]] (B) [97.303(g)] +How long must an operator wait after filing a notification with the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) before operating on the 2200-meter or 630-meter band? #card + - [[A.]] Operators must not operate until approval is received + - [[B.]] Operators may operate after 30 days, providing they have not been told that their station is within 1 kilometer of PLC systems using those frequencies + - [[C.]] Operators may not operate until a test signal has been transmitted in coordination with the local power company + - [[D.]] Operations may commence immediately, and may continue unless interference is reported by the UTC +- [[E1C04]] (A) +What is an IARP? #card + - [[A.]] A permit that allows US amateurs to operate in certain countries of the Americas + - [[B.]] The internal amateur radio practices policy of the FCC + - [[C.]] An indication of increased antenna reflected power + - [[D.]] A forecast of intermittent aurora radio propagation +- [[E1C05]] (B) [97.221(c)(1), 97.115(c)] +Under what situation may a station transmit third party communications while being automatically controlled? #card + - [[A.]] Never + - [[B.]] Only when transmitting RTTY or data emissions + - [[C.]] Only when transmitting SSB or CW + - [[D.]] On any mode approved by the National Telecommunication and Information Administration +- [[E1C06]] (C) +Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted? #card + - [[A.]] You must identify in the official language of the country in which you are operating + - [[B.]] The US embassy must approve of your operation + - [[C.]] You must have a copy of FCC Public Notice DA 16-1048 + - [[D.]] You must append "/CEPT" to your call sign +- [[E1C07]] (D) [97.303(g)] +What notifications must be given before transmitting on the 630- or 2200-meter bands? #card + - [[A.]] A special endorsement must be requested from the FCC + - [[B.]] An environmental impact statement must be filed with the Department of the Interior + - [[C.]] Operators must inform the FAA of their intent to operate, giving their call sign and distance to the nearest runway + - [[D.]] Operators must inform the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) of their call sign and coordinates of the station +- [[E1C08]] (B) [97.213] +What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled station’s transmissions if its control link malfunctions? #card + - [[A.]] 30 seconds + - [[B.]] 3 minutes + - [[C.]] 5 minutes + - [[D.]] 10 minutes +- [[E1C09]] (B) [97.307] +What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 + - [[B.]] 1.0 + - [[C.]] 2.0 + - [[D.]] 3.0 +- [[E1C10]] (A) [97.307] +What is the maximum mean power level for a spurious emission below 30 MHz with respect to the fundamental emission? #card + - [[A.]] - 43 dB + - [[B.]] - 53 dB + - [[C.]] - 63 dB + - [[D.]] - 73 dB +- [[E1C11]] (A) [97.5] +Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed US citizen to operate in many European countries, and amateurs from many European countries to operate in the US? #card + - [[A.]] CEPT + - [[B.]] IARP + - [[C.]] ITU reciprocal license + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1C12]] (D) [97.305(c)] +In what portion of the 630-meter band are phone emissions permitted? #card + - [[A.]] None + - [[B.]] Only the top 3 kHz + - [[C.]] Only the bottom 3 kHz + - [[D.]] The entire band diff --git a/pages/E1D.md b/pages/E1D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a48e9d4 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1D.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E1D Amateur Space and Earth stations; telemetry and telecommand rules; identification of balloon transmissions; one-way communications + +- [[E1D01]] (A) [97.3] +What is the definition of telemetry? #card + - [[A.]] One-way transmission of measurements at a distance from the measuring instrument + - [[B.]] Two-way transmissions in excess of 1000 feet + - [[C.]] Two-way transmissions of data + - [[D.]] One-way transmission that initiates, modifies, or terminates the functions of a device at a distance +- [[E1D02]] (B) [97.211(b)] +Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages? #card + - [[A.]] Telecommand signals to terrestrial repeaters + - [[B.]] Telecommand signals from a space telecommand station + - [[C.]] Auxiliary relay links carrying repeater audio + - [[D.]] Mesh network backbone nodes +- [[E1D03]] (B) [97.3(a)(45)] +What is a space telecommand station? #card + - [[A.]] An amateur station located on the surface of the Earth for communication with other Earth stations by means of Earth satellites + - [[B.]] An amateur station that transmits communications to initiate, modify, or terminate functions of a space station + - [[C.]] An amateur station located in a satellite or a balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth + - [[D.]] An amateur station that receives telemetry from a satellite or balloon more than 50 kilometers above the surface of the Earth +- [[E1D04]] (A) [97.119(a)] +Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station? #card + - [[A.]] Call sign + - [[B.]] The output power of the balloon transmitter + - [[C.]] The station's six-character Maidenhead grid locator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1D05]] (D) [97.213(d)] +What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth’s surface? #card + - [[A.]] A photocopy of the station license + - [[B.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the station licensee + - [[C.]] A label with the name, address, and telephone number of the control operator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1D06]] (A) [97.215(c)] +What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand? #card + - [[A.]] 1 watt + - [[B.]] 2 watts + - [[C.]] 5 watts + - [[D.]] 100 watts +- [[E1D07]] (A) [97.207] +Which of the following HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 40 meters, 20 meters, 15 meters, and 10 meters + - [[B.]] 30 meters, 17 meters, and 10 meters + - [[C.]] Only 10 meters + - [[D.]] Satellite operation is permitted on all HF bands +- [[E1D08]] (D) [97.207] +Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 6 meters and 2 meters + - [[B.]] 6 meters, 2 meters, and 1.25 meters + - [[C.]] 2 meters and 1.25 meters + - [[D.]] 2 meters +- [[E1D09]] (B) [97.207] +Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? #card + - [[A.]] 70 centimeters only + - [[B.]] 70 centimeters and 13 centimeters + - [[C.]] 70 centimeters and 33 centimeters + - [[D.]] 33 centimeters and 13 centimeters +- [[E1D10]] (B) [97.211] +Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur station approved by AMSAT + - [[B.]] Any amateur station so designated by the space station licensee + - [[C.]] Any amateur station so designated by the ITU + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1D11]] (D) [97.209] +Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations? #card + - [[A.]] Any amateur licensee who has successfully completed the AMSAT space communications course + - [[B.]] Only those of General, Advanced or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only those of Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Any amateur station, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator +- [[E1D12]] (A) [97.207(e), 97.203(g)] +Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications? #card + - [[A.]] A space station, beacon station, or telecommand station + - [[B.]] A local repeater or linked repeater station + - [[C.]] A message forwarding station or automatically controlled digital station + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/pages/E1E.md b/pages/E1E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6e7acaa --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1E.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E1E Volunteer examiner program: definitions; qualifications; preparation and administration of exams; reimbursement; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements + +- [[E1E01]] (A) [97.527] +For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed? #card + - [[A.]] Preparing, processing, administering, and coordinating an examination for an amateur radio operator license + - [[B.]] Teaching an amateur operator license examination preparation course + - [[C.]] No expenses are authorized for reimbursement + - [[D.]] Providing amateur operator license examination preparation training materials +- [[E1E02]] (C) [97.523] +Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations? #card + - [[A.]] The VEs + - [[B.]] The FCC + - [[C.]] The VECs + - [[D.]] The ARRL +- [[E1E03]] (C) [97.521] +What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator? #card + - [[A.]] A person who has volunteered to administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[B.]] An organization paid by the volunteer examiner team to publicize and schedule examinations + - [[C.]] An organization that has entered into an agreement with the FCC to coordinate, prepare, and administer amateur operator license examinations + - [[D.]] The person who has entered into an agreement with the FCC to be the VE session manager +- [[E1E04]] (D) [97.509, 97.525] +What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner? #card + - [[A.]] Each General, Advanced and Amateur Extra class operator is automatically accredited as a VE when the license is granted + - [[B.]] The amateur operator applying must pass a VE examination administered by the FCC Enforcement Bureau + - [[C.]] The prospective VE must obtain accreditation from the FCC + - [[D.]] A VEC must confirm that the VE applicant meets FCC requirements to serve as an examiner +- [[E1E05]] (B) [97.509(j)] +What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam? #card + - [[A.]] Maintain the application form with the VEC’s records + - [[B.]] Return the application document to the examinee + - [[C.]] Send the application form to the FCC and inform the FCC of the grade + - [[D.]] Destroy the application form +- [[E1E06]] (C) [97.509] +Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session? #card + - [[A.]] The VEC coordinating the session + - [[B.]] The designated monitoring VE + - [[C.]] Each administering VE + - [[D.]] Only the VE session manager +- [[E1E07]] (B) [97.509, 97.511] +What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner’s instructions during an amateur operator license examination? #card + - [[A.]] Warn the candidate that continued failure to comply will result in termination of the examination + - [[B.]] Immediately terminate the candidate’s examination + - [[C.]] Allow the candidate to complete the examination, but invalidate the results + - [[D.]] Immediately terminate everyone’s examination and close the session +- [[E1E08]] (C) [97.509] +To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination? #card + - [[A.]] Employees of the VE + - [[B.]] Friends of the VE + - [[C.]] Relatives of the VE as listed in the FCC rules + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1E09]] (A) [97.509] +What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination? #card + - [[A.]] Revocation of the VE’s amateur station license grant and the suspension of the VE’s amateur operator license grant + - [[B.]] A fine of up to $1,000 per occurrence + - [[C.]] A sentence of up to one year in prison + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1E10]] (C) [97.509(m)] +What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license? #card + - [[A.]] They must collect and send the documents directly to the FCC + - [[B.]] They must collect and submit the documents to the coordinating VEC for grading + - [[C.]] They must submit the application document to the coordinating VEC according to the coordinating VEC instructions + - [[D.]] They must return the documents to the applicant for submission to the FCC according to the FCC instructions +- [[E1E11]] (B) [97.509(i)] +What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license? #card + - [[A.]] Photocopy all examination documents and forward them to the FCC for processing + - [[B.]] Three VEs must certify that the examinee is qualified for the license grant and that they have complied with the administering VE requirements + - [[C.]] Issue the examinee the new or upgrade license + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/pages/E1F.md b/pages/E1F.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e17b13c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E1F.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E1F Miscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; prohibited communications; spread spectrum; auxiliary stations; Canadian amateurs operating in the US; special temporary authority + +- [[E1F01]] (B) [97.305] +On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted? #card + - [[A.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 50 MHz + - [[B.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 222 MHz + - [[C.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 420 MHz + - [[D.]] Only on amateur frequencies above 144 MHz +- [[E1F02]] (C) [97.107] +What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada? #card + - [[A.]] None, they must obtain a US license + - [[B.]] Full privileges of the General class license on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands + - [[C.]] The operating terms and conditions of the Canadian amateur service license, not to exceed US Amateur Extra class license privileges + - [[D.]] Full privileges, up to and including those of the Amateur Extra class license, on the 80-, 40-, 20-, 15-, and 10-meter bands +- [[E1F03]] (D) [97.315] +Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification? #card + - [[A.]] Gain is less than 23 dB when driven by power of 10 watts or less + - [[B.]] The equipment dealer assembled it from a kit + - [[C.]] It was manufactured and certificated in a country which has a reciprocal certification agreement with the FCC + - [[D.]] The amplifier is constructed or modified by an amateur radio operator for use at an amateur station +- [[E1F04]] (A) [97.3] +Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A"? #card + - [[A.]] A line roughly parallel to and south of the border between the US and Canada + - [[B.]] A line roughly parallel to and west of the US Atlantic coastline + - [[C.]] A line roughly parallel to and north of the border between the US and Mexico + - [[D.]] A line roughly parallel to and east of the US Pacific coastline +- [[E1F05]] (D) [97.303] +Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A? #card + - [[A.]] 440 MHz - 450 MHz + - [[B.]] 53 MHz - 54 MHz + - [[C.]] 222 MHz - 223 MHz + - [[D.]] 420 MHz - 430 MHz +- [[E1F06]] (A) [1.931] +Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station? #card + - [[A.]] To provide for experimental amateur communications + - [[B.]] To allow use of a special event call sign + - [[C.]] To allow a VE group with less than three VEs to administer examinations in a remote, sparsely populated area + - [[D.]] To allow a licensee who has passed an upgrade exam to operate with upgraded privileges while waiting for posting on the FCC database +- [[E1F07]] (D) [97.113] +When may an amateur station send a message to a business? #card + - [[A.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $25 + - [[B.]] When the pecuniary interest of the amateur or his or her employer is less than $50 + - [[C.]] At no time + - [[D.]] When neither the amateur nor their employer has a pecuniary interest in the communications +- [[E1F08]] (A) [97.113(c)] +Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited? #card + - [[A.]] Communications transmitted for hire or material compensation, except as otherwise provided in the rules + - [[B.]] Communications that have political content, except as allowed by the Fairness Doctrine + - [[C.]] Communications that have religious content + - [[D.]] Communications in a language other than English +- [[E1F09]] (C) [FCC Part 97.113(a)(4)] +Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Third party traffic + - [[B.]] Email + - [[C.]] Messages encoded to obscure their meaning + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E1F10]] (B) [97.201] +Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station? #card + - [[A.]] Any licensed amateur operator + - [[B.]] Only Technician, General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[C.]] Only General, Advanced, or Amateur Extra class operators + - [[D.]] Only Amateur Extra class operators +- [[E1F11]] (D) [97.317] +Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification? #card + - [[A.]] It must produce full legal output when driven by not more than 5 watts of mean RF input power + - [[B.]] It must have received an Underwriters Laboratory certification for electrical safety as well as having met IEEE standard 14.101(B) + - [[C.]] It must exhibit a gain of less than 23 dB when driven by 10 watts or less + - [[D.]] It must satisfy the FCC’s spurious emission standards when operated at the lesser of 1500 watts or its full output power diff --git a/pages/E2A.md b/pages/E2A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..812abea --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E2A.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +E2A Amateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite hardware; satellite operations + +- [[E2A01]] (C) +What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite? #card + - [[A.]] From west to east + - [[B.]] From east to west + - [[C.]] From south to north + - [[D.]] From north to south +- [[E2A02]] (D) +Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] Doppler shift is reduced because the uplink and downlink shifts are in opposite directions + - [[B.]] Signal position in the band is reversed + - [[C.]] Upper sideband on the uplink becomes lower sideband on the downlink, and vice versa + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2A03]] (D) +How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] The signal is detected and remodulated on the reverse sideband + - [[B.]] The signal is passed through a nonlinear filter + - [[C.]] The signal is reduced to I and Q components, and the Q component is filtered out + - [[D.]] The signal is mixed with a local oscillator signal and the difference product is transmitted +- [[E2A04]] (B) +What is meant by the “mode” of an amateur radio satellite? #card + - [[A.]] Whether the satellite is in a low earth or geostationary orbit + - [[B.]] The satellite’s uplink and downlink frequency bands + - [[C.]] The satellite’s orientation with respect to the Earth + - [[D.]] Whether the satellite is in a polar or equatorial orbit +- [[E2A05]] (D) +What do the letters in a satellite’s mode designator specify? #card + - [[A.]] Power limits for uplink and downlink transmissions + - [[B.]] The location of the ground control station + - [[C.]] The polarization of uplink and downlink signals + - [[D.]] The uplink and downlink frequency ranges +- [[E2A06]] (A) +What are Keplerian elements? #card + - [[A.]] Parameters that define the orbit of a satellite + - [[B.]] Phase reversing elements in a Yagi antenna + - [[C.]] High-emission heater filaments used in magnetron tubes + - [[D.]] Encrypting codes used for spread spectrum modulation +- [[E2A07]] (D) +Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] FM and CW + - [[B.]] SSB and SSTV + - [[C.]] PSK and packet + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2A08]] (B) +Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder? #card + - [[A.]] To prevent creating errors in the satellite telemetry + - [[B.]] To avoid reducing the downlink power to all other users + - [[C.]] To prevent the satellite from emitting out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] To avoid interfering with terrestrial QSOs +- [[E2A09]] (A) +What do the terms “L band” and “S band” specify? #card + - [[A.]] The 23- and 13-centimeter bands + - [[B.]] The 2-meter and 70-centimeter bands + - [[C.]] FM and digital store-and-forward systems + - [[D.]] Which sideband to use +- [[E2A10]] (B) +What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky? #card + - [[A.]] HEO + - [[B.]] Geostationary + - [[C.]] Geomagnetic + - [[D.]] LEO +- [[E2A11]] (B) +What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation? #card + - [[A.]] A linearly polarized antenna + - [[B.]] A circularly polarized antenna + - [[C.]] An isotropic antenna + - [[D.]] A log-periodic dipole array +- [[E2A12]] (C) +What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite? #card + - [[A.]] To upload operational software for the transponder + - [[B.]] To delay download of telemetry between satellites + - [[C.]] To hold digital messages in the satellite for later download + - [[D.]] To relay messages between satellites +- [[E2A13]] Question Deleted (section not renumbered) +~~ + + +E2B Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + diff --git a/pages/E2B.md b/pages/E2B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0aa2e61 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E2B.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E2B Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + +- [[E2B01]] (A) +In digital television, what does a coding rate of 3/4 mean? #card + - [[A.]] 25% of the data sent is forward error correction data + - [[B.]] Data compression reduces data rate by 3/4 + - [[C.]] 1/4 of the time interval is used as a guard interval + - [[D.]] Three, four-bit words are used to transmit each pixel +- [[E2B02]] (C) +How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame? #card + - [[A.]] 30 + - [[B.]] 60 + - [[C.]] 525 + - [[D.]] 1080 +- [[E2B03]] (D) +How is an interlaced scanning pattern generated in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system? #card + - [[A.]] By scanning two fields simultaneously + - [[B.]] By scanning each field from bottom-to-top + - [[C.]] By scanning lines from left-to-right in one field and right-to-left in the next + - [[D.]] By scanning odd-numbered lines in one field and even-numbered lines in the next +- [[E2B04]] (A) +How is color information sent in analog SSTV? #card + - [[A.]] Color lines are sent sequentially + - [[B.]] Color information is sent on a 2.8 kHz subcarrier + - [[C.]] Color is sent in a color burst at the end of each line + - [[D.]] Color is amplitude modulated on the frequency modulated intensity signal +- [[E2B05]] (C) +Which of the following describes the use of vestigial sideband in analog fast-scan TV transmissions? #card + - [[A.]] The vestigial sideband carries the audio information + - [[B.]] The vestigial sideband contains chroma information + - [[C.]] Vestigial sideband reduces the bandwidth while increasing the fidelity of low frequency video components + - [[D.]] Vestigial sideband provides high frequency emphasis to sharpen the picture +- [[E2B06]] (A) +What is vestigial sideband modulation? #card + - [[A.]] Amplitude modulation in which one complete sideband and a portion of the other are transmitted + - [[B.]] A type of modulation in which one sideband is inverted + - [[C.]] Narrow-band FM modulation achieved by filtering one sideband from the audio before frequency modulating the carrier + - [[D.]] Spread spectrum modulation achieved by applying FM modulation following single sideband amplitude modulation +- [[E2B07]] (B) +Which types of modulation are used for amateur television DVB-T signals? #card + - [[A.]] FM and FSK + - [[B.]] QAM and QPSK + - [[C.]] AM and OOK + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2B08]] (A) +What technique allows commercial analog TV receivers to be used for fast-scan TV operations on the 70-centimeter band? #card + - [[A.]] Transmitting on channels shared with cable TV + - [[B.]] Using converted satellite TV dishes + - [[C.]] Transmitting on the abandoned TV channel 2 + - [[D.]] Using USB and demodulating the signal with a computer sound card +- [[E2B09]] (D) +What kind of receiver can be used to receive and decode SSTV using the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) protocol? #card + - [[A.]] CDMA + - [[B.]] AREDN + - [[C.]] AM + - [[D.]] SSB +- [[E2B10]] (A) +What aspect of an analog slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture? #card + - [[A.]] Tone frequency + - [[B.]] Tone amplitude + - [[C.]] Sync amplitude + - [[D.]] Sync frequency +- [[E2B11]] (B) +What is the function of the vertical interval signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission? #card + - [[A.]] To lock the color burst oscillator in color SSTV images + - [[B.]] To identify the SSTV mode being used + - [[C.]] To provide vertical synchronization + - [[D.]] To identify the call sign of the station transmitting +- [[E2B12]] (A) +What signals SSTV receiving software to begin a new picture line? #card + - [[A.]] Specific tone frequencies + - [[B.]] Elapsed time + - [[C.]] Specific tone amplitudes + - [[D.]] A two-tone signal diff --git a/pages/E2C.md b/pages/E2C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4734dda --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E2C.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E2C Contest and DX operating; remote operation techniques; log data format; contact confirmation; RF network systems + +- [[E2C01]] (D) +What indicator is required to be used by US-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control and the remote transmitter is located in the US? #card + - [[A.]] / followed by the USPS two-letter abbreviation for the state in which the remote station is located + - [[B.]] /R# where # is the district of the remote station + - [[C.]] / followed by the ARRL Section of the remote station + - [[D.]] No additional indicator is required +- [[E2C02]] (C) +Which of the following file formats is used for exchanging amateur radio log data? #card + - [[A.]] NEC + - [[B.]] ARLD + - [[C.]] ADIF + - [[D.]] OCF +- [[E2C03]] (A) +From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded? #card + - [[A.]] 30 meters + - [[B.]] 6 meters + - [[C.]] 70 centimeters + - [[D.]] 33 centimeters +- [[E2C04]] (B) +Which of the following frequencies can be used for amateur radio mesh networks? #card + - [[A.]] HF frequencies where digital communications are permitted + - [[B.]] Frequencies shared with various unlicensed wireless data services + - [[C.]] Cable TV channels 41-43 + - [[D.]] The 60-meter band channel centered on 5373 kHz +- [[E2C05]] (B) +What is the function of a DX QSL Manager? #card + - [[A.]] Allocate frequencies for DXpeditions + - [[B.]] Handle the receiving and sending of confirmations for a DX station + - [[C.]] Run a net to allow many stations to contact a rare DX station + - [[D.]] Communicate to a DXpedition about propagation, band openings, pileup conditions, etc. +- [[E2C06]] (C) +During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of SSB or CW activity? #card + - [[A.]] At the top of each band, usually in a segment reserved for contests + - [[B.]] In the middle of each band, usually on the national calling frequency + - [[C.]] In the weak signal segment of the band, with most of the activity near the calling frequency + - [[D.]] In the middle of the band, usually 25 kHz above the national calling frequency +- [[E2C07]] (A) +What is the Cabrillo format? #card + - [[A.]] A standard for submission of electronic contest logs + - [[B.]] A method of exchanging information during a contest QSO + - [[C.]] The most common set of contest rules + - [[D.]] A digital protocol specifically designed for rapid contest exchanges +- [[E2C08]] (D) +Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the Logbook of The World (LoTW)? #card + - [[A.]] Special event contacts between stations in the US + - [[B.]] Contacts between a US station and a non-US station + - [[C.]] Contacts for Worked All States credit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2C09]] (C) +What type of equipment is commonly used to implement an amateur radio mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] A 2-meter VHF transceiver with a 1,200-baud modem + - [[B.]] A computer running EchoLink to provide interface from the radio to the internet + - [[C.]] A wireless router running custom firmware + - [[D.]] A 440 MHz transceiver with a 9,600-baud modem +- [[E2C10]] (D) +Why do DX stations often transmit and receive on different frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Because the DX station may be transmitting on a frequency that is prohibited to some responding stations + - [[B.]] To separate the calling stations from the DX station + - [[C.]] To improve operating efficiency by reducing interference + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2C11]] (A) +How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup? #card + - [[A.]] Send your full call sign once or twice + - [[B.]] Send only the last two letters of your call sign until you make contact + - [[C.]] Send your full call sign and grid square + - [[D.]] Send the call sign of the DX station three times, the words “this is,” then your call sign three times +- [[E2C12]] (C) +What indicates the delay between a control operator action and the corresponding change in the transmitted signal? #card + - [[A.]] Jitter + - [[B.]] Hang time + - [[C.]] Latency + - [[D.]] Anti-VOX diff --git a/pages/E2D.md b/pages/E2D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ca2b878 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E2D.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E2D Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for VHF and UHF; APRS; EME procedures; meteor scatter procedures + +- [[E2D01]] (B) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications? #card + - [[A.]] WSPR + - [[B.]] MSK144 + - [[C.]] Hellschreiber + - [[D.]] APRS +- [[E2D02]] (D) +What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest? #card + - [[A.]] RST report + - [[B.]] State abbreviation + - [[C.]] Serial number + - [[D.]] Grid square +- [[E2D03]] (D) +Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications? #card + - [[A.]] MSK144 + - [[B.]] PACTOR III + - [[C.]] WSPR + - [[D.]] Q65 +- [[E2D04]] (C) +What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters? #card + - [[A.]] FT8 + - [[B.]] Bandwidth compressed LORAN + - [[C.]] APRS + - [[D.]] PACTOR III +- [[E2D05]] (B) +What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode? #card + - [[A.]] Uses only a 65 Hz bandwidth + - [[B.]] Decodes signals with a very low signal-to-noise ratio + - [[C.]] Symbol rate is 65 baud + - [[D.]] Permits fast-scan TV transmissions over narrow bandwidth +- [[E2D06]] (A) +Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts? #card + - [[A.]] Time-synchronous transmissions alternating between stations + - [[B.]] Storing and forwarding digital messages + - [[C.]] Judging optimum transmission times by monitoring beacons reflected from the moon + - [[D.]] High-speed CW identification to avoid fading +- [[E2D07]] (C) +What digital protocol is used by APRS? #card + - [[A.]] PACTOR + - [[B.]] QAM + - [[C.]] AX.25 + - [[D.]] AMTOR +- [[E2D08]] (C) +What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data? #card + - [[A.]] Acknowledgement + - [[B.]] Burst + - [[C.]] Unnumbered Information + - [[D.]] Connect +- [[E2D09]] (A) +What type of modulation is used by JT65? #card + - [[A.]] Multitone AFSK + - [[B.]] PSK + - [[C.]] RTTY + - [[D.]] QAM +- [[E2D10]] (C) +What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate? #card + - [[A.]] Three stations are allowed on frequency, one transmitting at a time + - [[B.]] Three subcarriers are permitted, subcarrier one is being used + - [[C.]] Three digipeater hops are requested with one remaining + - [[D.]] Three internet gateway stations may receive one transmission +- [[E2D11]] (D) +How do APRS stations relay data? #card + - [[A.]] By packet ACK/NAK relay + - [[B.]] By C4FM repeaters + - [[C.]] By DMR repeaters + - [[D.]] By packet digipeaters diff --git a/pages/E2E.md b/pages/E2E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccbd1cc --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E2E.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +E2E Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for HF + +- [[E2E01]] (B) +Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] DTMF tones modulating an FM signal + - [[B.]] FSK + - [[C.]] Pulse modulation + - [[D.]] Spread spectrum +- [[E2E02]] (B) +Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing? #card + - [[A.]] Alignment of frequency shifts + - [[B.]] Synchronization of computer clocks + - [[C.]] Sync-field transmission + - [[D.]] Sync-pulse timing +- [[E2E03]] (B) +To what does the "4" in FT4 refer? #card + - [[A.]] Multiples of 4 bits of user information + - [[B.]] Four-tone continuous-phase frequency shift keying + - [[C.]] Four transmit/receive cycles per minute + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2E04]] (D) +Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode? #card + - [[A.]] Four-tone Gaussian frequency shift keying + - [[B.]] Variable transmit/receive periods + - [[C.]] Seven different tone spacings + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2E05]] (A) +Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation? #card + - [[A.]] WSPR + - [[B.]] RTTY + - [[C.]] PSK31 + - [[D.]] MFSK16 +- [[E2E06]] (C) +What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle? #card + - [[A.]] It varies with the amount of data + - [[B.]] 8 seconds + - [[C.]] 15 seconds + - [[D.]] 30 seconds +- [[E2E07]] (C) +How does Q65 differ from JT65? #card + - [[A.]] Keyboard-to keyboard operation is supported + - [[B.]] Quadrature modulation is used + - [[C.]] Multiple receive cycles are averaged + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2E08]] (B) +Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files? #card + - [[A.]] PSK31 + - [[B.]] PACTOR + - [[C.]] RTTY + - [[D.]] AMTOR +- [[E2E09]] (D) +Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding? #card + - [[A.]] RTTY + - [[B.]] PACTOR + - [[C.]] MT63 + - [[D.]] PSK31 +- [[E2E10]] (C) +Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth? #card + - [[A.]] MFSK16 + - [[B.]] 170 Hz shift, 45-baud RTTY + - [[C.]] FT8 + - [[D.]] PACTOR IV +- [[E2E11]] (A) +What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK? #card + - [[A.]] Direct FSK modulates the transmitter VFO + - [[B.]] Direct FSK occupies less bandwidth + - [[C.]] Direct FSK can transmit higher baud rates + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E2E12]] (A) +How do ALE stations establish contact? #card + - [[A.]] ALE constantly scans a list of frequencies, activating the radio when the designated call sign is received + - [[B.]] ALE radios monitor an internet site for the frequency they are being paged on + - [[C.]] ALE radios send a constant tone code to establish a frequency for future use + - [[D.]] ALE radios activate when they hear their signal echoed by back scatter +- [[E2E13]] (D) +Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions? #card + - [[A.]] MFSK16 + - [[B.]] 170 Hz shift, 45 baud RTTY + - [[C.]] FT8 + - [[D.]] PACTOR IV diff --git a/pages/E3A.md b/pages/E3A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba4beb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E3A.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E3A Electromagnetic Waves and Specialized Propagation: Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communications; meteor scatter; microwave tropospheric and scatter propagation; auroral propagation; daily variation of ionospheric propagation; circular polarization + +- [[E3A01]] (D) +What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME? #card + - [[A.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] 2,000 miles, if the moon is at apogee + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles, if the moon is at perigee + - [[D.]] 12,000 miles, if the moon is “visible” by both stations +- [[E3A02]] (B) +What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal? #card + - [[A.]] A slow change in the pitch of the CW signal + - [[B.]] A fluttery, irregular fading + - [[C.]] A gradual loss of signal as the sun rises + - [[D.]] The returning echo is several hertz lower in frequency than the transmitted signal +- [[E3A03]] (A) +When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss? #card + - [[A.]] When the Moon is at perigee + - [[B.]] When the Moon is full + - [[C.]] When the Moon is at apogee + - [[D.]] When the MUF is above 30 MHz +- [[E3A04]] (D) +In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel? #card + - [[A.]] It depends on the phase angle of the magnetic field + - [[B.]] It travels parallel to the electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] It depends on the phase angle of the electric field + - [[D.]] It travels at a right angle to the electric and magnetic fields +- [[E3A05]] (C) +How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented? #card + - [[A.]] They are parallel + - [[B.]] They are tangential + - [[C.]] They are at right angles + - [[D.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase +- [[E3A06]] (B) +What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness? #card + - [[A.]] Switch to a higher frequency HF band + - [[B.]] Switch to a lower frequency HF band + - [[C.]] Change to an antenna with a higher takeoff angle + - [[D.]] Change to an antenna with greater beam width +- [[E3A07]] (C) +Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature? #card + - [[A.]] Mountain ranges + - [[B.]] Stratocumulus clouds + - [[C.]] Large bodies of water + - [[D.]] Nimbus clouds +- [[E3A08]] (A) +When a meteor strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere? #card + - [[A.]] The E region + - [[B.]] The F1 region + - [[C.]] The F2 region + - [[D.]] The D region +- [[E3A09]] (C) +Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications? #card + - [[A.]] 1.8 MHz - 1.9 MHz + - [[B.]] 10 MHz - 14 MHz + - [[C.]] 28 MHz - 148 MHz + - [[D.]] 220 MHz - 450 MHz +- [[E3A10]] (D) +What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] Evanescence + - [[C.]] Birefringence + - [[D.]] The index of refraction +- [[E3A11]] (B) +What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals? #card + - [[A.]] 10 miles to 50 miles + - [[B.]] 100 miles to 300 miles + - [[C.]] 1,200 miles + - [[D.]] 2,500 miles +- [[E3A12]] (C) +What is most likely to result in auroral propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Meteor showers + - [[B.]] Quiet geomagnetic conditions + - [[C.]] Severe geomagnetic storms + - [[D.]] Extreme low-pressure areas in polar regions +- [[E3A13]] (A) +Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation? #card + - [[A.]] CW + - [[B.]] SSB + - [[C.]] FM + - [[D.]] RTTY +- [[E3A14]] (B) +What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves? #card + - [[A.]] Waves with an electric field bent into a circular shape + - [[B.]] Waves with rotating electric and magnetic fields + - [[C.]] Waves that circle Earth + - [[D.]] Waves produced by a loop antenna diff --git a/pages/E3B.md b/pages/E3B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87cc438 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E3B.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +E3B Transequatorial propagation; long-path propagation; ordinary and extraordinary waves; chordal hop; sporadic-E mechanisms; ground-wave propagation + +- [[E3B01]] (A) +Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Between points separated by 2,000 miles to 3,000 miles over a path perpendicular to the geomagnetic equator + - [[B.]] Between points located 1,500 miles to 2,000 miles apart on the geomagnetic equator + - [[C.]] Between points located at each other’s antipode + - [[D.]] Through the region where the terminator crosses the geographic equator +- [[E3B02]] (C) +What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation? #card + - [[A.]] 1,000 miles + - [[B.]] 2,500 miles + - [[C.]] 5,000 miles + - [[D.]] 7,500 miles +- [[E3B03]] (C) +At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Morning + - [[B.]] Noon + - [[C.]] Afternoon or early evening + - [[D.]] Late at night +- [[E3B04]] (B) +What are “extraordinary” and “ordinary” waves? #card + - [[A.]] Extraordinary waves exhibit rare long-skip propagation, compared to ordinary waves, which travel shorter distances + - [[B.]] Independently propagating, elliptically polarized waves created in the ionosphere + - [[C.]] Long-path and short-path waves + - [[D.]] Refracted rays and reflected waves +- [[E3B05]] (D) +Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters? #card + - [[A.]] A path entirely in sunlight + - [[B.]] Paths at high latitudes + - [[C.]] A direct north-south path + - [[D.]] A path entirely in darkness +- [[E3B06]] (B) +On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent? #card + - [[A.]] 160 meters and 80 meters + - [[B.]] 40 meters and 20 meters + - [[C.]] 10 meters and 6 meters + - [[D.]] 6 meters and 2 meters +- [[E3B07]] (C) +What effect does lowering a signal’s transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Faraday rotation becomes stronger + - [[B.]] The MUF decreases + - [[C.]] The distance covered by each hop increases + - [[D.]] The critical frequency increases +- [[E3B08]] (C) +How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased? #card + - [[A.]] It stays the same + - [[B.]] It increases + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It peaks at roughly 8 MHz +- [[E3B09]] (A) +At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Around the solstices, especially the summer solstice + - [[B.]] Around the solstices, especially the winter solstice + - [[C.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the spring equinox + - [[D.]] Around the equinoxes, especially the fall equinox +- [[E3B10]] (A) +What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation? #card + - [[A.]] The signal experiences less loss compared to multi-hop propagation, which uses Earth as a reflector + - [[B.]] The MUF for chordal-hop propagation is much lower than for normal skip propagation + - [[C.]] Atmospheric noise is reduced in the direction of chordal-hop propagation + - [[D.]] Signals travel faster along ionospheric chords +- [[E3B11]] (D) +At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? #card + - [[A.]] Between midnight and sunrise + - [[B.]] Between sunset and midnight + - [[C.]] Between sunset and sunrise + - [[D.]] Between sunrise and sunset +- [[E3B12]] (B) +What is chordal-hop propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Propagation away from the great circle bearing between stations + - [[B.]] Successive ionospheric refractions without an intermediate reflection from the ground + - [[C.]] Propagation across the geomagnetic equator + - [[D.]] Signals reflected back toward the transmitting station +- [[E3B13]] (A) +What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation? #card + - [[A.]] Vertical + - [[B.]] Horizontal + - [[C.]] Circular + - [[D.]] Elliptical diff --git a/pages/E3C.md b/pages/E3C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..dbbfeb2 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E3C.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E3C Propagation prediction and reporting: radio horizon; effects of space-weather phenomena + +- [[E3C01]] (D) +What is the cause of short-term radio blackouts? #card + - [[A.]] Coronal mass ejections + - [[B.]] Sunspots on the solar equator + - [[C.]] North-oriented interplanetary magnetic field + - [[D.]] Solar flares +- [[E3C02]] (A) +What is indicated by a rising A-index or K-index? #card + - [[A.]] Increasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field + - [[B.]] Decreasing disturbance of the geomagnetic field + - [[C.]] Higher levels of solar UV radiation + - [[D.]] An increase in the critical frequency +- [[E3C03]] (B) +Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A-index or K-index is elevated? #card + - [[A.]] Transequatorial + - [[B.]] Through the auroral oval + - [[C.]] Sporadic-E + - [[D.]] NVIS +- [[E3C04]] (C) +What does the value of Bz (B sub z) represent? #card + - [[A.]] Geomagnetic field stability + - [[B.]] Critical frequency for vertical transmissions + - [[C.]] North-south strength of the interplanetary magnetic field + - [[D.]] Duration of long-delayed echoes +- [[E3C05]] (A) +What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that charged particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions? #card + - [[A.]] Southward + - [[B.]] Northward + - [[C.]] Eastward + - [[D.]] Westward +- [[E3C06]] (A) +How does the VHF/UHF radio horizon compare to the geographic horizon? #card + - [[A.]] It is approximately 15 percent farther + - [[B.]] It is approximately 20 percent nearer + - [[C.]] It is approximately 50 percent farther + - [[D.]] They are approximately the same +- [[E3C07]] (D) +Which of the following indicates the greatest solar flare intensity? #card + - [[A.]] Class A + - [[B.]] Class Z + - [[C.]] Class M + - [[D.]] Class X +- [[E3C08]] (D) +Which of the following is the space-weather term for an extreme geomagnetic storm? #card + - [[A.]] B9 + - [[B.]] X5 + - [[C.]] M9 + - [[D.]] G5 +- [[E3C09]] (D) +What type of data is reported by amateur radio propagation reporting networks? #card + - [[A.]] Solar flux + - [[B.]] Electric field intensity + - [[C.]] Magnetic declination + - [[D.]] Digital-mode and CW signals +- [[E3C10]] (B) +What does the 304A solar parameter measure? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of X-ray flux to radio flux, correlated to sunspot number + - [[B.]] UV emissions at 304 angstroms, correlated to the solar flux index + - [[C.]] The solar wind velocity at an angle of 304 degrees from the solar equator, correlated to geomagnetic storms + - [[D.]] The solar emission at 304 GHz, correlated to X-ray flare levels +- [[E3C11]] (C) +What does VOACAP software model? #card + - [[A.]] AC voltage and impedance + - [[B.]] VHF radio propagation + - [[C.]] HF propagation + - [[D.]] AC current and impedance +- [[E3C12]] (B) +Which of the following is indicated by a sudden rise in radio background noise across a large portion of the HF spectrum? #card + - [[A.]] A temperature inversion has occurred + - [[B.]] A coronal mass ejection impact or a solar flare has occurred + - [[C.]] Transequatorial propagation on 6 meters is likely + - [[D.]] Long-path propagation on the higher HF bands is likely diff --git a/pages/E4A.md b/pages/E4A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1c3a88b --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E4A.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E4A Test equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum analyzers; antenna analyzers; oscilloscopes; RF measurements + +- [[E4A01]] (A) +Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope? #card + - [[A.]] Sampling rate of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[B.]] Analog-to-digital converter reference frequency + - [[C.]] Q of the circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4A02]] (B) +Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes? #card + - [[A.]] Signal amplitude and time + - [[B.]] Signal amplitude and frequency + - [[C.]] SWR and frequency + - [[D.]] SWR and time +- [[E4A03]] (B) +Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] Differential resolver + - [[B.]] Spectrum analyzer + - [[C.]] Logic analyzer + - [[D.]] Network analyzer +- [[E4A04]] (A) +How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed? #card + - [[A.]] A square wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the horizontal portions of the displayed wave are as nearly flat as possible + - [[B.]] A high frequency sine wave is displayed, and the probe is adjusted for maximum amplitude + - [[C.]] A frequency standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the deflection time is accurate + - [[D.]] A DC voltage standard is displayed, and the probe is adjusted until the displayed voltage is accurate +- [[E4A05]] (D) +What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter? #card + - [[A.]] Amplify low-level signals for more accurate counting + - [[B.]] Multiply a higher frequency signal so a low-frequency counter can display the operating frequency + - [[C.]] Prevent oscillation in a low-frequency counter circuit + - [[D.]] Reduce the signal frequency to within the counter's operating range +- [[E4A06]] (A) +What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform? #card + - [[A.]] A false, jittery low-frequency version of the waveform is displayed + - [[B.]] The waveform DC offset will be inaccurate + - [[C.]] Calibration of the vertical scale is no longer valid + - [[D.]] Excessive blanking occurs, which prevents display of the waveform +- [[E4A07]] (B) +Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge? #card + - [[A.]] Antenna analyzers automatically tune your antenna for resonance + - [[B.]] Antenna analyzers compute SWR and impedance automatically + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzers display a time-varying representation of the modulation envelope + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4A08]] (D) +Which of the following is used to measure SWR? #card + - [[A.]] Directional wattmeter + - [[B.]] Vector network analyzer + - [[C.]] Antenna analyzer + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4A09]] (A) +Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe? #card + - [[A.]] Minimize the length of the probe's ground connection + - [[B.]] Never use a high-impedance probe to measure a low-impedance circuit + - [[C.]] Never use a DC-coupled probe to measure an AC circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4A10]] (D) +Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply’s output ripple? #card + - [[A.]] Single-shot + - [[B.]] Edge + - [[C.]] Level + - [[D.]] Line +- [[E4A11]] (D) +Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Velocity factor + - [[B.]] Cable length + - [[C.]] Resonant frequency of a tuned circuit + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/pages/E4B.md b/pages/E4B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a70e79b --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E4B.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E4B Measurement technique and limitations: instrument accuracy and performance limitations; probes; techniques to minimize errors; measurement of Q; instrument calibration; S parameters; vector network analyzers; RF signals + +- [[E4B01]] (B) +Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter? #card + - [[A.]] Input attenuator accuracy + - [[B.]] Time base accuracy + - [[C.]] Decade divider accuracy + - [[D.]] Temperature coefficient of the logic +- [[E4B02]] (A) +What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt? #card + - [[A.]] The full scale reading of the voltmeter multiplied by its ohms per volt rating is the input impedance of the voltmeter + - [[B.]] The reading in volts multiplied by the ohms per volt rating will determine the power drawn by the device under test + - [[C.]] The reading in ohms divided by the ohms per volt rating will determine the voltage applied to the circuit + - [[D.]] The full scale reading in amps divided by ohms per volt rating will determine the size of shunt needed +- [[E4B03]] (C) +Which S parameter is equivalent to forward gain? #card + - [[A.]] S11 + - [[B.]] S12 + - [[C.]] S21 + - [[D.]] S22 +- [[E4B04]] (A) +Which S parameter represents input port return loss or reflection coefficient (equivalent to VSWR)? #card + - [[A.]] S11 + - [[B.]] S12 + - [[C.]] S21 + - [[D.]] S22 +- [[E4B05]] (B) +What three test loads are used to calibrate an RF vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms, 75 ohms, and 90 ohms + - [[B.]] Short circuit, open circuit, and 50 ohms + - [[C.]] Short circuit, open circuit, and resonant circuit + - [[D.]] 50 ohms through 1/8 wavelength, 1/4 wavelength, and 1/2 wavelength of coaxial cable +- [[E4B06]] (D) +How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power? #card + - [[A.]] 100 watts + - [[B.]] 125 watts + - [[C.]] 112.5 watts + - [[D.]] 75 watts +- [[E4B07]] (A) +What do the subscripts of S parameters represent? #card + - [[A.]] The port or ports at which measurements are made + - [[B.]] The relative time between measurements + - [[C.]] Relative quality of the data + - [[D.]] Frequency order of the measurements +- [[E4B08]] (C) +Which of the following can be used to determine the Q of a series-tuned circuit? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of inductive reactance to capacitive reactance + - [[B.]] The frequency shift + - [[C.]] The bandwidth of the circuit's frequency response + - [[D.]] The resonant frequency of the circuit +- [[E4B09]] (B) +Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Phase noise + - [[B.]] Filter frequency response + - [[C.]] Pulse rise time + - [[D.]] Forward power +- [[E4B10]] (B) +Which of the following methods measures intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer + - [[B.]] Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having non-harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a spectrum analyzer + - [[C.]] Modulate the transmitter using two AF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a peak reading wattmeter + - [[D.]] Modulate the transmitter using two RF signals having harmonically related frequencies and observe the RF output with a logic analyzer +- [[E4B11]] (D) +Which of the following can be measured with a vector network analyzer? #card + - [[A.]] Input impedance + - [[B.]] Output impedance + - [[C.]] Reflection coefficient + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/pages/E4C.md b/pages/E4C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2b9aa6a --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E4C.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E4C Receiver performance: phase noise, noise floor, image rejection, minimum detectable signal (MDS), increasing signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, noise figure, reciprocal mixing; selectivity; SDR non-linearity; use of attenuators at low frequencies + +- [[E4C01]] (D) +What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver’s master clock oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] It limits the receiver’s ability to receive strong signals + - [[B.]] It can affect the receiver’s frequency calibration + - [[C.]] It decreases the receiver’s third-order intercept point + - [[D.]] It can combine with strong signals on nearby frequencies to generate interference +- [[E4C02]] (A) +Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals? #card + - [[A.]] A front-end filter or preselector + - [[B.]] A narrow IF filter + - [[C.]] A notch filter + - [[D.]] A properly adjusted product detector +- [[E4C03]] (C) +What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Desensitization + - [[B.]] Cross-modulation interference + - [[C.]] Capture effect + - [[D.]] Frequency discrimination +- [[E4C04]] (D) +What is the noise figure of a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of atmospheric noise to phase noise + - [[B.]] The ratio of the noise bandwidth in hertz to the theoretical bandwidth of a resistive network + - [[C.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated in the receiver to atmospheric noise + - [[D.]] The ratio in dB of the noise generated by the receiver to the theoretical minimum noise +- [[E4C05]] (B) +What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent? #card + - [[A.]] The receiver noise is 6 dB above the theoretical minimum + - [[B.]] The theoretical noise in a 1 Hz bandwidth at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature + - [[C.]] The noise figure of a 1 Hz bandwidth receiver + - [[D.]] The receiver noise is 3 dB above theoretical minimum +- [[E4C06]] (D) +How much does increasing a receiver’s bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver’s noise floor? #card + - [[A.]] 3 dB + - [[B.]] 5 dB + - [[C.]] 10 dB + - [[D.]] 13 dB +- [[E4C07]] (B) +What does the MDS of a receiver represent? #card + - [[A.]] The meter display sensitivity + - [[B.]] The minimum discernible signal + - [[C.]] The modulation distortion specification + - [[D.]] The maximum detectable spectrum +- [[E4C08]] (D) +An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level? #card + - [[A.]] One-half of the maximum sample rate + - [[B.]] One-half of the maximum sampling buffer size + - [[C.]] The maximum count value of the analog-to-digital converter + - [[D.]] The reference voltage of the analog-to-digital converter +- [[E4C09]] (C) +Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer components in the receiver + - [[B.]] Reduced drift + - [[C.]] Easier for front-end circuitry to eliminate image responses + - [[D.]] Improved receiver noise figure +- [[E4C10]] (C) +What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select? #card + - [[A.]] The noise figure of the RF amplifier can be adjusted to match the modulation type, thus increasing receiver sensitivity + - [[B.]] Receiver power consumption can be reduced when wider bandwidth is not required + - [[C.]] Receive bandwidth can be set to match the modulation bandwidth, maximizing signal-to-noise ratio and minimizing interference + - [[D.]] Multiple frequencies can be received simultaneously if desired +- [[E4C11]] (D) +Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio? #card + - [[A.]] The attenuator has a low-pass filter to increase the strength of lower frequency signals + - [[B.]] The attenuator has a noise filter to suppress interference + - [[C.]] Signals are attenuated separately from the noise + - [[D.]] Atmospheric noise is generally greater than internally generated noise even after attenuation +- [[E4C12]] (C) +How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance? #card + - [[A.]] It improves sensitivity by reducing front-end noise + - [[B.]] It improves intelligibility by using low Q circuitry to reduce ringing + - [[C.]] It improves blocking dynamic range by attenuating strong signals near the receive frequency + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4C13]] (D) +What is reciprocal mixing? #card + - [[A.]] Two out-of-band signals mixing to generate an in-band spurious signal + - [[B.]] In-phase signals cancelling in a mixer resulting in loss of receiver sensitivity + - [[C.]] Two digital signals combining from alternate time slots + - [[D.]] Local oscillator phase noise mixing with adjacent strong signals to create interference to desired signals +- [[E4C14]] (C) +What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control? #card + - [[A.]] To permit listening on a different frequency from the transmitting frequency + - [[B.]] To change frequency rapidly + - [[C.]] To reduce interference from stations transmitting on adjacent frequencies + - [[D.]] To tune in stations slightly off frequency without changing the transmit frequency diff --git a/pages/E4D.md b/pages/E4D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..acef26f --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E4D.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E4D Receiver performance characteristics: dynamic range; intermodulation and cross-modulation interference; third-order intercept; desensitization; preselector; sensitivity; link margin + +- [[E4D01]] (A) +What is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] The difference in dB between the noise floor and the level of an incoming signal that will cause 1 dB of gain compression + - [[B.]] The minimum difference in dB between the levels of two FM signals that will cause one signal to block the other + - [[C.]] The difference in dB between the noise floor and the third-order intercept point + - [[D.]] The minimum difference in dB between two signals which produce third-order intermodulation products greater than the noise floor +- [[E4D02]] (A) +Which of the following describes problems caused by poor dynamic range in a receiver? #card + - [[A.]] Spurious signals caused by cross modulation and desensitization from strong adjacent signals + - [[B.]] Oscillator instability requiring frequent retuning and loss of ability to recover the opposite sideband + - [[C.]] Poor weak signal reception caused by insufficient local oscillator injection + - [[D.]] Oscillator instability and severe audio distortion of all but the strongest received signals +- [[E4D03]] (B) +What creates intermodulation interference between two repeaters in close proximity? #card + - [[A.]] The output signals cause feedback in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters + - [[B.]] The output signals mix in the final amplifier of one or both transmitters + - [[C.]] The input frequencies are harmonically related + - [[D.]] The output frequencies are harmonically related +- [[E4D04]] (B) +Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by a nearby transmitter? #card + - [[A.]] A band-pass filter in the feed line between the transmitter and receiver + - [[B.]] A properly terminated circulator at the output of the repeater’s transmitter + - [[C.]] Utilizing a Class C final amplifier + - [[D.]] Utilizing a Class D final amplifier +- [[E4D05]] (A) +What transmitter frequencies would create an intermodulation-product signal in a receiver tuned to 146.70 MHz when a nearby station transmits on 146.52 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 146.34 MHz and 146.61 MHz + - [[B.]] 146.88 MHz and 146.34 MHz + - [[C.]] 146.10 MHz and 147.30 MHz + - [[D.]] 146.30 MHz and 146.90 MHz +- [[E4D06]] (C) +What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Reciprocal mixing + - [[B.]] Quieting + - [[C.]] Desensitization + - [[D.]] Cross modulation interference +- [[E4D07]] (A) +Which of the following reduces the likelihood of receiver desensitization? #card + - [[A.]] Insert attenuation before the first RF stage + - [[B.]] Raise the receiver’s IF frequency + - [[C.]] Increase the receiver’s front-end gain + - [[D.]] Switch from fast AGC to slow AGC +- [[E4D08]] (C) +What causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Negative feedback + - [[B.]] Lack of neutralization + - [[C.]] Nonlinear circuits or devices + - [[D.]] Positive feedback +- [[E4D09]] (C) +What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver? #card + - [[A.]] To store frequencies that are often used + - [[B.]] To provide broadband attenuation before the first RF stage to prevent intermodulation + - [[C.]] To increase the rejection of signals outside the band being received + - [[D.]] To allow selection of the optimum RF amplifier device +- [[E4D10]] (C) +What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance? #card + - [[A.]] Signals less than 40 dBm will not generate audible third-order intermodulation products + - [[B.]] The receiver can tolerate signals up to 40 dB above the noise floor without producing third-order intermodulation products + - [[C.]] A pair of 40 dBm input signals will theoretically generate a third-order intermodulation product that has the same output amplitude as either of the input signals + - [[D.]] A pair of 1 mW input signals will produce a third-order intermodulation product that is 40 dB stronger than the input signal +- [[E4D11]] (A) +Why are odd-order intermodulation products, created within a receiver, of particular interest compared to other products? #card + - [[A.]] Odd-order products of two signals in the band being received are also likely to be within the band + - [[B.]] Odd-order products are more likely to overload the IF filters + - [[C.]] Odd-order products are an indication of poor image rejection + - [[D.]] Odd-order intermodulation produces three products for every input signal within the band of interest +- [[E4D12]] (C) +What is the link margin in a system with a transmit power level of 10 W (+40 dBm), a system antenna gain of 10 dBi, a cable loss of 3 dB, a path loss of 136 dB, a receiver minimum discernable signal of -103 dBm, and a required signal-to-noise ratio of 6 dB? #card + - [[A.]] -8dB + - [[B.]] -14dB + - [[C.]] +8dB + - [[D.]] +14dB +- [[E4D13]] (A) +What is the received signal level with a transmit power of 10 W (+40 dBm), a transmit antenna gain of 6 dBi, a receive antenna gain of 3 dBi, and a path loss of 100 dB? #card + - [[A.]] -51 dBm + - [[B.]] -54 dBm + - [[C.]] -57 dBm + - [[D.]] -60 dBm +- [[E4D14]] (D) +What power level does a receiver minimum discernible signal of -100 dBm represent? #card + - [[A.]] 100 microwatts + - [[B.]] 0.1 microwatt + - [[C.]] 0.001 microwatts + - [[D.]] 0.1 picowatts diff --git a/pages/E4E.md b/pages/E4E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..023fed6 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E4E.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E4E Noise and interference: external RF interference; electrical and computer noise; line noise; DSP filtering and noise reduction; common-mode current; surge protectors; single point ground panel + +- [[E4E01]] (A) +What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals? #card + - [[A.]] Removal of the CW signal as well as the interfering carrier + - [[B.]] Any nearby signal passing through the DSP system will overwhelm the desired signal + - [[C.]] Excessive ringing + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4E02]] (D) +Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Ignition noise + - [[C.]] Power line noise + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4E03]] (B) +Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband white noise + - [[B.]] Impulse noise + - [[C.]] Hum and buzz + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4E04]] (D) +How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed? #card + - [[A.]] By installing filter capacitors in series with the alternator leads + - [[B.]] By installing a noise suppression resistor and a blocking capacitor at the battery + - [[C.]] By installing a high-pass filter in series with the radio’s power lead and a low-pass filter in parallel with the antenna feed line + - [[D.]] By installing ferrite chokes on the charging system leads +- [[E4E05]] (B) +What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor? #card + - [[A.]] A high-pass filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[B.]] A brute-force AC-line filter in series with the motor’s power leads + - [[C.]] A bypass capacitor in series with the motor’s field winding + - [[D.]] A bypass choke in parallel with the motor’s field winding +- [[E4E06]] (C) +What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment? #card + - [[A.]] A loud AC hum in the audio output of your station’s receiver + - [[B.]] A clicking noise at intervals of a few seconds + - [[C.]] The appearance of unstable modulated or unmodulated signals at specific frequencies + - [[D.]] A whining-type noise that continually pulses off and on +- [[E4E07]] (B) +Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference? #card + - [[A.]] Low inductance ground connections at both ends of the shield + - [[B.]] Common-mode currents on the shield and conductors + - [[C.]] Use of braided shielding material + - [[D.]] Tying all ground connections to a common point resulting in differential-mode currents in the shield +- [[E4E08]] (B) +What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable? #card + - [[A.]] Differential-mode current + - [[B.]] Common-mode current + - [[C.]] Reactive current only + - [[D.]] Magnetically-coupled current only +- [[E4E09]] (C) +What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker? #card + - [[A.]] Received audio in the speech range might have an echo effect + - [[B.]] The audio frequency bandwidth of the received signal might be compressed + - [[C.]] Strong signals may be distorted and appear to cause spurious emissions + - [[D.]] FM signals can no longer be demodulated +- [[E4E10]] (D) +Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference? #card + - [[A.]] Arcing contacts in a thermostatically controlled device + - [[B.]] A defective doorbell or doorbell transformer inside a nearby residence + - [[C.]] A malfunctioning illuminated advertising display + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E4E11]] (B) +What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands? #card + - [[A.]] One or more of the broadcast stations is transmitting an over-modulated signal + - [[B.]] Nearby corroded metal connections are mixing and reradiating the broadcast signals + - [[C.]] You are receiving skywave signals from a distant station + - [[D.]] Your station receiver IF amplifier stage is overloaded +- [[E4E12]] (A) +What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range? #card + - [[A.]] Switch-mode power supplies + - [[B.]] Radar transmitters + - [[C.]] Wireless security camera transmitters + - [[D.]] Electric fences +- [[E4E13]] (C) +Where should a station AC surge protector be installed? #card + - [[A.]] At the AC service panel + - [[B.]] At an AC outlet + - [[C.]] On the single point ground panel + - [[D.]] On a ground rod outside the station +- [[E4E14]] (D) +What is the purpose of a single point ground panel? #card + - [[A.]] Remove AC power in case of a short-circuit + - [[B.]] Prevent common-mode transients in multi-wire systems + - [[C.]] Eliminate air gaps between protected and non-protected circuits + - [[D.]] Ensure all lightning protectors activate at the same time diff --git a/pages/E5-1.md b/pages/E5-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3a7545c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E5-1.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131918468_0.png) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E5A.md b/pages/E5A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..87e1fb3 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E5A.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +E5A Resonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits; series and parallel resonance; definitions and effects of Q; half-power bandwidth + +- [[E5A01]] (A) +What can cause the voltage across reactances in a series RLC circuit to be higher than the voltage applied to the entire circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Resonance + - [[B.]] Capacitance + - [[C.]] Low quality factor (Q) + - [[D.]] Resistance +- [[E5A02]] (C) +What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 40 picofarads? #card + - [[A.]] 44.72 MHz + - [[B.]] 22.36 MHz + - [[C.]] 3.56 MHz + - [[D.]] 1.78 MHz +- [[E5A03]] (D) +What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] High, compared to the circuit resistance + - [[B.]] Approximately equal to capacitive reactance + - [[C.]] Approximately equal to inductive reactance + - [[D.]] Approximately equal to circuit resistance +- [[E5A04]] (A) +What is the magnitude of the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Approximately equal to circuit resistance + - [[B.]] Approximately equal to inductive reactance + - [[C.]] Low compared to the circuit resistance + - [[D.]] High compared to the circuit resistance +- [[E5A05]] (A) +What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Matching bandwidth is decreased + - [[B.]] Matching bandwidth is increased + - [[C.]] Losses increase + - [[D.]] Harmonics increase +- [[E5A06]] (B) +What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] It is at a minimum + - [[B.]] It is at a maximum + - [[C.]] It equals 1 divided by the quantity 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C) + - [[D.]] It equals 2 times pi, times the square root of (inductance L multiplied by capacitance C) +- [[E5A07]] (A) +What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Minimum + - [[B.]] Maximum + - [[C.]] R/L + - [[D.]] L/R +- [[E5A08]] (C) +What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance? #card + - [[A.]] The voltage leads the current by 90 degrees + - [[B.]] The current leads the voltage by 90 degrees + - [[C.]] The voltage and current are in phase + - [[D.]] The voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase +- [[E5A09]] (C) +How is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated? #card + - [[A.]] Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance divided by the resistance + - [[B.]] Reactance of either the inductance or capacitance multiplied by the resistance + - [[C.]] Resistance divided by the reactance of either the inductance or capacitance + - [[D.]] Reactance of the inductance multiplied by the reactance of the capacitance +- [[E5A10]] (A) +What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 10 picofarads? #card + - [[A.]] 7.12 MHz + - [[B.]] 23.5 kHz + - [[C.]] 7.12 kHz + - [[D.]] 23.5 MHz +- [[E5A11]] (C) +What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150? #card + - [[A.]] 157.8 Hz + - [[B.]] 315.6 Hz + - [[C.]] 47.3 kHz + - [[D.]] 23.67 kHz +- [[E5A12]] (C) +What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118? #card + - [[A.]] 436.6 kHz + - [[B.]] 218.3 kHz + - [[C.]] 31.4 kHz + - [[D.]] 15.7 kHz +- [[E5A13]] (C) +What is an effect of increasing Q in a series resonant circuit? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer components are needed for the same performance + - [[B.]] Parasitic effects are minimized + - [[C.]] Internal voltages increase + - [[D.]] Phase shift can become uncontrolled diff --git a/pages/E5B.md b/pages/E5B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db2adef --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E5B.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E5B Time constants and phase relationships: RL and RC time constants; phase angle in reactive circuits and components; admittance and susceptance + +- [[E5B01]] (B) +What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage? #card + - [[A.]] An exponential rate of one + - [[B.]] One time constant + - [[C.]] One exponential period + - [[D.]] A time factor of one +- [[E5B02]] (D) +What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] G + - [[B.]] X + - [[C.]] Y + - [[D.]] B +- [[E5B03]] (B) +How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance? #card + - [[A.]] Take the reciprocal of the angle and change the sign of the magnitude + - [[B.]] Take the reciprocal of the magnitude and change the sign of the angle + - [[C.]] Take the square root of the magnitude and add 180 degrees to the angle + - [[D.]] Square the magnitude and subtract 90 degrees from the angle +- [[E5B04]] (D) +What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel? #card + - [[A.]] 55 seconds + - [[B.]] 110 seconds + - [[C.]] 440 seconds + - [[D.]] 220 seconds +- [[E5B05]] (D) +What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] It is unchanged + - [[B.]] The sign is reversed + - [[C.]] It is shifted by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] It is replaced by its reciprocal +- [[E5B06]] (C) +What is susceptance? #card + - [[A.]] The magnetic impedance of a circuit + - [[B.]] The ratio of magnetic field to electric field + - [[C.]] The imaginary part of admittance + - [[D.]] A measure of the efficiency of a transformer +- [[E5B07]] (C) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[B.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 14.0 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 68.2 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +- [[E5B08]] (A) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[D.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current +- [[E5B09]] (D) +What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage and current are in phase + - [[B.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[D.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees +- [[E5B10]] (A) +What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage leads current by 90 degrees + - [[B.]] Current leads voltage by 90 degrees + - [[C.]] Voltage and current are 180 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Voltage and current are in phase +- [[E5B11]] (B) +What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 27 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[B.]] 27 degrees with the voltage leading the current + - [[C.]] 63 degrees with the voltage lagging the current + - [[D.]] 63 degrees with the voltage leading the current +- [[E5B12]] (A) +What is admittance? #card + - [[A.]] The inverse of impedance + - [[B.]] The term for the gain of a field effect transistor + - [[C.]] The inverse of reactance + - [[D.]] The term for the on-impedance of a field effect transistor diff --git a/pages/E5C.md b/pages/E5C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ab71902 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E5C.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +E5C Coordinate systems and phasors in electronics: rectangular coordinates; polar coordinates; phasors; logarithmic axes + +- [[E5C01]] (A) + Which of the following represents pure capacitive reactance of 100 ohms in rectangular notation? #card + - [[A.]] 0 - j100 + - [[B.]] 0 + j100 + - [[C.]] 100 - j0 + - [[D.]] 100 + j0 +- [[E5C02]] (C) + How are impedances described in polar coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] By X and R values + - [[B.]] By real and imaginary parts + - [[C.]] By magnitude and phase angle + - [[D.]] By Y and G values +- [[E5C03]] (C) + Which of the following represents a pure inductive reactance in polar coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] A positive 45 degree phase angle + - [[B.]] A negative 45 degree phase angle + - [[C.]] A positive 90 degree phase angle + - [[D.]] A negative 90 degree phase angle +- [[E5C04]] (D) + What type of Y-axis scale is most often used for graphs of circuit frequency response? #card + - [[A.]] Linear + - [[B.]] Scatter + - [[C.]] Random + - [[D.]] Logarithmic +- [[E5C05]] (C) + What kind of diagram is used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Venn diagram + - [[B.]] Near field diagram + - [[C.]] Phasor diagram + - [[D.]] Far field diagram +- [[E5C06]] (B) + What does the impedance 50 - j25 ohms represent? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms inductive reactance + - [[B.]] 50 ohms resistance in series with 25 ohms capacitive reactance + - [[C.]] 25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms inductive reactance + - [[D.]] 25 ohms resistance in series with 50 ohms capacitive reactance +- [[E5C07]] (D) + Where is the impedance of a pure resistance plotted on rectangular coordinates? #card + - [[A.]] On the vertical axis + - [[B.]] On a line through the origin, slanted at 45 degrees + - [[C.]] On a horizontal line, offset vertically above the horizontal axis + - [[D.]] On the horizontal axis +- [[E5C08]] (D) + What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance? #card + - [[A.]] Maidenhead grid + - [[B.]] Faraday grid + - [[C.]] Elliptical coordinates + - [[D.]] Polar coordinates +- [[E5C09]] (A) + When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what do the axes represent? #card + - [[A.]] The X axis represents the resistive component, and the Y axis represents the reactive component + - [[B.]] The X axis represents the reactive component, and the Y axis represents the resistive component + - [[C.]] The X axis represents the phase angle, and the Y axis represents the magnitude + - [[D.]] The X axis represents the magnitude, and the Y axis represents the phase angle +- [[E5C10]] (B) + Which point on Figure [[E5-1]] best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 400-ohm resistor and a 38-picofarad capacitor at 14 MHz? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131918468_0.png) + - [[A.]] Point 2 + - [[B.]] Point 4 + - [[C.]] Point 5 + - [[D.]] Point 6 +- [[E5C11]] (B) + Which point in Figure [[E5-1]] best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and an 18-microhenry inductor at 3.505 MHz? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131918468_0.png) + - [[A.]] Point 1 + - [[B.]] Point 3 + - [[C.]] Point 7 + - [[D.]] Point 8 +- [[E5C12]] (A) + Which point on Figure [[E5-1]] best represents the impedance of a series circuit consisting of a 300-ohm resistor and a 19-picofarad capacitor at 21.200 MHz? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131918468_0.png) + - [[A.]] Point 1 + - [[B.]] Point 3 + - [[C.]] Point 7 + - [[D.]] Point 8 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E5D.md b/pages/E5D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05d4f4c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E5D.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E5D RF effects in components and circuits: skin effect; real and reactive power; electrical length of conductors + +- [[E5D01]] (A) +What is the result of conductor skin effect? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance increases as frequency increases because RF current flows closer to the surface + - [[B.]] Resistance decreases as frequency increases because electron mobility increases + - [[C.]] Resistance increases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient + - [[D.]] Resistance decreases as temperature increases because of the change in thermal coefficient +- [[E5D02]] (B) +Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above? #card + - [[A.]] To increase the thermal time constant + - [[B.]] To minimize inductive reactance + - [[C.]] To maintain component lifetime + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E5D03]] (C) +What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power? #card + - [[A.]] They are out of phase + - [[B.]] They are in phase + - [[C.]] They are 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] They are 45 degrees out of phase +- [[E5D04]] (B) +Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] To increase neutralizing resistance + - [[B.]] To reduce phase shift along the connection + - [[C.]] To increase compensating capacitance + - [[D.]] To reduce noise figure +- [[E5D05]] (C) +What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Shunt capacitance + - [[C.]] Inductance + - [[D.]] Dielectric leakage +- [[E5D06]] (D) +What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor’s self-resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Coupling + - [[D.]] Inter-turn capacitance +- [[E5D07]] (B) +What combines to create the self-resonance of a component? #card + - [[A.]] The component’s resistance and reactance + - [[B.]] The component’s nominal and parasitic reactance + - [[C.]] The component’s inductance and capacitance + - [[D.]] The component’s electrical length and impedance +- [[E5D08]] (D) +What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF? #card + - [[A.]] Inductance + - [[B.]] Dielectric loss + - [[C.]] Self-discharge + - [[D.]] Skin effect +- [[E5D09]] (B) +What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors? #card + - [[A.]] It is dissipated as heat in the circuit + - [[B.]] Energy is stored in magnetic or electric fields, but power is not dissipated + - [[C.]] It is canceled by Coulomb forces in the capacitor and inductor + - [[D.]] It is dissipated in the formation of inductive and capacitive fields +- [[E5D10]] (D) +As a conductor’s diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length? #card + - [[A.]] Thickness has no effect on electrical length + - [[B.]] It varies randomly + - [[C.]] It decreases + - [[D.]] It increases +- [[E5D11]] (B) +How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere? #card + - [[A.]] 70.7 watts + - [[B.]] 100 watts + - [[C.]] 141.4 watts + - [[D.]] 200 watts +- [[E5D12]] (D) +What is reactive power? #card + - [[A.]] Power consumed in circuit Q + - [[B.]] Power consumed by an inductor’s wire resistance + - [[C.]] The power consumed in inductors and capacitors + - [[D.]] Wattless, nonproductive power diff --git a/pages/E6-1.md b/pages/E6-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..97baa0c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6-1.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131970050_0.png) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6-2.md b/pages/E6-2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42afec3 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6-2.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132016477_0.png) + - assets:///home/chris/Documents/Logseq/Extra%20Study/assets/image_1746132016477_0.png \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6-3.md b/pages/E6-3.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38808a5 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6-3.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132038698_0.png) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6A.md b/pages/E6A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f6e1388 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6A.md @@ -0,0 +1,76 @@ +E6A Semiconductor materials and devices: semiconductor materials; bipolar junction transistors; operation and types of field-effect transistors + +- [[E6A01]] (C) + In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material? #card + - [[A.]] In high-current rectifier circuits + - [[B.]] In high-power audio circuits + - [[C.]] In microwave circuits + - [[D.]] In very low-frequency RF circuits +- [[E6A02]] (A) + Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons? #card + - [[A.]] N-type + - [[B.]] P-type + - [[C.]] Bipolar + - [[D.]] Insulated gate +- [[E6A03]] (C) + Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased? #card + - [[A.]] Only P-type semiconductor material can conduct current + - [[B.]] Only N-type semiconductor material can conduct current + - [[C.]] Holes in P-type material and electrons in the N-type material are separated by the applied voltage, widening the depletion region + - [[D.]] Excess holes in P-type material combine with the electrons in N-type material, converting the entire diode into an insulator +- [[E6A04]] (C) + What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure? #card + - [[A.]] Insulator impurity + - [[B.]] N-type impurity + - [[C.]] Acceptor impurity + - [[D.]] Donor impurity +- [[E6A05]] (C) + How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) compare with that of a bipolar transistor? #card + - [[A.]] They are both low impedance + - [[B.]] An FET has lower input impedance + - [[C.]] An FET has higher input impedance + - [[D.]] They are both high impedance +- [[E6A06]] (B) + What is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor? #card + - [[A.]] The frequency at which the current gain is reduced to 0.707 + - [[B.]] The change in collector current with respect to the change in base current + - [[C.]] The breakdown voltage of the base-to-collector junction + - [[D.]] The switching speed +- [[E6A07]] (D) + Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on? #card + - [[A.]] Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 6 ohms to 7 ohms + - [[B.]] Base-to-emitter resistance of approximately 0.6 ohms to 0.7 ohms + - [[C.]] Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 6 volts to 7 volts + - [[D.]] Base-to-emitter voltage of approximately 0.6 volts to 0.7 volts +- [[E6A08]] (D) + What is the term for the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a bipolar junction transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] Corner frequency + - [[B.]] Alpha rejection frequency + - [[C.]] Beta cutoff frequency + - [[D.]] Alpha cutoff frequency +- [[E6A09]] (A) + What is a depletion-mode field-effect transistor (FET)? #card + - [[A.]] An FET that exhibits a current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied + - [[B.]] An FET that has no current flow between source and drain when no gate voltage is applied + - [[C.]] An FET that exhibits very high electron mobility due to a lack of holes in the N-type material + - [[D.]] An FET for which holes are the majority carriers +- [[E6A10]] (B) + In Figure [[E6-1]], which is the schematic symbol for an N-channel dual-gate MOSFET? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131970050_0.png) + - [[A.]] 2 + - [[B.]] 4 + - [[C.]] 5 + - [[D.]] 6 +- [[E6A11]] (A) + In Figure [[E6-1]], which is the schematic symbol for a P-channel junction FET? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746131970050_0.png) + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 6 +- [[E6A12]] (D) + What is the purpose of connecting Zener diodes between a MOSFET gate and its source or drain? #card + - [[A.]] To provide a voltage reference for the correct amount of reverse-bias gate voltage + - [[B.]] To protect the substrate from excessive voltages + - [[C.]] To keep the gate voltage within specifications and prevent the device from overheating + - [[D.]] To protect the gate from static damage \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6B.md b/pages/E6B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..197b1d1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6B.md @@ -0,0 +1,69 @@ +E6B Diodes + +- [[E6B01]] (B) + What is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode? #card + - [[A.]] A constant current drop under conditions of varying voltage + - [[B.]] A constant voltage drop under conditions of varying current + - [[C.]] A negative resistance region + - [[D.]] An internal capacitance that varies with the applied voltage +- [[E6B02]] (D) + Which characteristic of a Schottky diode makes it a better choice than a silicon junction diode for use as a power supply rectifier? #card + - [[A.]] Much higher reverse voltage breakdown + - [[B.]] More constant reverse avalanche voltage + - [[C.]] Longer carrier retention time + - [[D.]] Lower forward voltage drop +- [[E6B03]] (B) + What property of an LED's semiconductor material determines its forward voltage drop? #card + - [[A.]] Intrinsic resistance + - [[B.]] Band gap + - [[C.]] Junction capacitance + - [[D.]] Junction depth +- [[E6B04]] (A) + What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor? #card + - [[A.]] Varactor diode + - [[B.]] Tunnel diode + - [[C.]] Silicon-controlled rectifier + - [[D.]] Zener diode +- [[E6B05]] (D) + What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch? #card + - [[A.]] Extremely high reverse breakdown voltage + - [[B.]] Ability to dissipate large amounts of power + - [[C.]] Reverse bias controls its forward voltage drop + - [[D.]] Low junction capacitance +- [[E6B06]] (D) + Which of the following is a common use of a Schottky diode? #card + - [[A.]] In oscillator circuits as the negative resistance element + - [[B.]] As a variable capacitance in an automatic frequency control circuit + - [[C.]] In power supplies as a constant voltage reference + - [[D.]] As a VHF/UHF mixer or detector +- [[E6B07]] (B) + What causes a junction diode to fail from excessive current? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive inverse voltage + - [[B.]] Excessive junction temperature + - [[C.]] Insufficient forward voltage + - [[D.]] Charge carrier depletion +- [[E6B08]] (A) + Which of the following is a Schottky barrier diode? #card + - [[A.]] Metal-semiconductor junction + - [[B.]] Electrolytic rectifier + - [[C.]] PIN junction + - [[D.]] Thermionic emission diode +- [[E6B09]] (C) + What is a common use for point-contact diodes? #card + - [[A.]] As a constant current source + - [[B.]] As a constant voltage source + - [[C.]] As an RF detector + - [[D.]] As a high-voltage rectifier +- [[E6B10]] (B) + In Figure [[E6-2]], which is the schematic symbol for a Schottky diode? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132016477_0.png) + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 6 + - [[C.]] 2 + - [[D.]] 3 +- [[E6B11]] (A) + What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode? #card + - [[A.]] Forward DC bias current + - [[B.]] A variable RF reference voltage + - [[C.]] Reverse voltage larger than the RF signal + - [[D.]] Capacitance of an RF coupling capacitor \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6C.md b/pages/E6C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a6d0ae --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6C.md @@ -0,0 +1,71 @@ +E6C Digital ICs: families of digital ICs; gates; programmable logic devices + +- [[E6C01]] (A) + What is the function of hysteresis in a comparator? #card + - [[A.]] To prevent input noise from causing unstable output signals + - [[B.]] To allow the comparator to be used with AC input signals + - [[C.]] To cause the output to continually change states + - [[D.]] To increase the sensitivity +- [[E6C02]] (B) + What happens when the level of a comparator’s input signal crosses the threshold voltage? #card + - [[A.]] The IC input can be damaged + - [[B.]] The comparator changes its output state + - [[C.]] The reference level appears at the output + - [[D.]] The feedback loop becomes unstable +- [[E6C03]] (A) + What is tri-state logic? #card + - [[A.]] Logic devices with 0, 1, and high-impedance output states + - [[B.]] Logic devices that utilize ternary math + - [[C.]] Logic with three output impedances which can be selected to better match the load impedance + - [[D.]] A counter with eight states +- [[E6C04]] (C) + Which of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic? #card + - [[A.]] Its simplicity results in much less expensive devices than standard CMOS + - [[B.]] It is immune to electrostatic damage + - [[C.]] It has the high input impedance of CMOS and the low output impedance of bipolar transistors + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E6C05]] (D) + Which of the following digital logic families has the lowest power consumption? #card + - [[A.]] Schottky TTL + - [[B.]] ECL + - [[C.]] NMOS + - [[D.]] CMOS +- [[E6C06]] (C) + Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply? #card + - [[A.]] Large bypass capacitance is inherent + - [[B.]] The input switching threshold is about twice the power supply voltage + - [[C.]] The input switching threshold is about half the power supply voltage + - [[D.]] Bandwidth is very limited +- [[E6C07]] (B) + What best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor? #card + - [[A.]] A resistor in a keying circuit used to reduce key clicks + - [[B.]] A resistor connected to the positive or negative supply used to establish a voltage when an input or output is an open circuit + - [[C.]] A resistor that ensures that an oscillator frequency does not drift + - [[D.]] A resistor connected to an op-amp output that prevents signals from exceeding the power supply voltage +- [[E6C08]] (B) + In Figure [[E6-3]], which is the schematic symbol for a NAND gate? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132038698_0.png) + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 4 +- [[E6C09]] (B) + What is used to design the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)? #card + - [[A.]] Karnaugh maps + - [[B.]] Hardware description language (HDL) + - [[C.]] An auto-router + - [[D.]] Machine and assembly language +- [[E6C10]] (D) + In Figure [[E6-3]], which is the schematic symbol for a NOR gate? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132038698_0.png) + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 2 + - [[C.]] 3 + - [[D.]] 4 +- [[E6C11]] (C) + In Figure [[E6-3]], which is the schematic symbol for the NOT operation (inversion)? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132038698_0.png) + - [[A.]] 2 + - [[B.]] 4 + - [[C.]] 5 + - [[D.]] 6 \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E6D.md b/pages/E6D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..390fc9c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6D.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E6D Inductors and piezoelectricity: permeability, core material and configuration; transformers; piezoelectric devices + +- [[E6D01]] (C) +What is piezoelectricity? #card + - [[A.]] The ability of materials to generate electromagnetic waves of a certain frequency when voltage is applied + - [[B.]] A characteristic of materials that have an index of refraction which depends on the polarization of the electromagnetic wave passing through it + - [[C.]] A characteristic of materials that generate a voltage when stressed and that flex when a voltage is applied + - [[D.]] The ability of materials to generate voltage when an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency is applied +- [[E6D02]] (A) +What is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal? #card + - [[A.]] Series RLC in parallel with a shunt C representing electrode and stray capacitance + - [[B.]] Parallel RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance + - [[C.]] Series RLC, where C is the parallel combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance + - [[D.]] Parallel RLC, where C is the series combination of resonance capacitance of the crystal and electrode and stray capacitance +- [[E6D03]] (A) +Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect? #card + - [[A.]] Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a voltage + - [[B.]] Mechanical deformation of material due to the application of a magnetic field + - [[C.]] Generation of electrical energy in the presence of light + - [[D.]] Increased conductivity in the presence of light +- [[E6D04]] (B) +Why are cores of inductors and transformers sometimes constructed of thin layers? #card + - [[A.]] To simplify assembly during manufacturing + - [[B.]] To reduce power loss from eddy currents in the core + - [[C.]] To increase the cutoff frequency by reducing capacitance + - [[D.]] To save cost by reducing the amount of magnetic material +- [[E6D05]] (C) +How do ferrite and powdered iron compare for use in an inductor core? #card + - [[A.]] Ferrite cores generally have lower initial permeability + - [[B.]] Ferrite cores generally have better temperature stability + - [[C.]] Ferrite cores generally require fewer turns to produce a given inductance value + - [[D.]] Ferrite cores are easier to use with surface-mount technology +- [[E6D06]] (D) +What core material property determines the inductance of an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Permittivity + - [[B.]] Resistance + - [[C.]] Reactivity + - [[D.]] Permeability +- [[E6D07]] (D) +What is the current that flows in the primary winding of a transformer when there is no load on the secondary winding? #card + - [[A.]] Stabilizing current + - [[B.]] Direct current + - [[C.]] Excitation current + - [[D.]] Magnetizing current +- [[E6D08]] (B) +Which of the following materials has the highest temperature stability of its magnetic characteristics? #card + - [[A.]] Brass + - [[B.]] Powdered iron + - [[C.]] Ferrite + - [[D.]] Aluminum +- [[E6D09]] (C) +What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Electrolytic capacitors + - [[B.]] Butterworth filters + - [[C.]] Ferrite beads + - [[D.]] Steel-core toroids +- [[E6D10]] (A) +What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Toroidal cores confine most of the magnetic field within the core material + - [[B.]] Toroidal cores make it easier to couple the magnetic energy into other components + - [[C.]] Toroidal cores exhibit greater hysteresis + - [[D.]] Toroidal cores have lower Q characteristics +- [[E6D11]] (B) +Which type of core material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil? #card + - [[A.]] Ceramic + - [[B.]] Brass + - [[C.]] Ferrite + - [[D.]] Aluminum +- [[E6D12]] (C) +What causes inductor saturation? #card + - [[A.]] Operation at too high a frequency + - [[B.]] Selecting a core with low permeability + - [[C.]] Operation at excessive magnetic flux + - [[D.]] Selecting a core with excessive permittivity diff --git a/pages/E6E.md b/pages/E6E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f0162bb --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6E.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E6E Semiconductor materials and packages for RF use + +- [[E6E01]] (B) +Why is gallium arsenide (GaAs) useful for semiconductor devices operating at UHF and higher frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Higher noise figures + - [[B.]] Higher electron mobility + - [[C.]] Lower junction voltage drop + - [[D.]] Lower transconductance +- [[E6E02]] (A) +Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type? #card + - [[A.]] DIP + - [[B.]] PLCC + - [[C.]] BGA + - [[D.]] SOT +- [[E6E03]] (D) +Which of the following materials supports the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] Silicon + - [[B.]] Silicon nitride + - [[C.]] Silicon dioxide + - [[D.]] Gallium nitride +- [[E6E04]] (A) +Which is the most common input and output impedance of MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms + - [[B.]] 300 ohms + - [[C.]] 450 ohms + - [[D.]] 75 ohms +- [[E6E05]] (A) +Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 dB + - [[B.]] -10 dB + - [[C.]] 44 dBm + - [[D.]] -20 dBm +- [[E6E06]] (D) +What characteristics of MMICs make them a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits? #card + - [[A.]] The ability to retrieve information from a single signal, even in the presence of other strong signals + - [[B.]] Extremely high Q factor and high stability over a wide temperature range + - [[C.]] Nearly infinite gain, very high input impedance, and very low output impedance + - [[D.]] Controlled gain, low noise figure, and constant input and output impedance over the specified frequency range +- [[E6E07]] (D) +What type of transmission line is often used for connections to MMICs? #card + - [[A.]] Miniature coax + - [[B.]] Circular waveguide + - [[C.]] Parallel wire + - [[D.]] Microstrip +- [[E6E08]] (C) +How is power supplied to the most common type of MMIC? #card + - [[A.]] Through a capacitor and RF choke connected to the amplifier input lead + - [[B.]] MMICs require no operating bias + - [[C.]] Through a resistor and/or RF choke connected to the amplifier output lead + - [[D.]] Directly to the bias voltage (Vcc) lead +- [[E6E09]] (D) +Which of the following component package types have the least parasitic effects at frequencies above the HF range? #card + - [[A.]] TO-220 + - [[B.]] Axial lead + - [[C.]] Radial lead + - [[D.]] Surface mount +- [[E6E10]] (D) +What advantage does surface-mount technology offer at RF compared to using through-hole components? #card + - [[A.]] Smaller circuit area + - [[B.]] Shorter circuit board traces + - [[C.]] Components have less parasitic inductance and capacitance + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E6E11]] (D) +What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Extremely low stray capacitance (dielectrically isolated package) + - [[B.]] Extremely high resistance between pins (doubly insulated package) + - [[C.]] Two chips in each package (dual in package) + - [[D.]] Two rows of connecting pins on opposite sides of package (dual in-line package) +- [[E6E12]] (C) +Why are DIP through-hole package ICs not typically used at UHF and higher frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive dielectric loss + - [[B.]] Epoxy coating is conductive above 300 MHz + - [[C.]] Excessive lead length + - [[D.]] Unsuitable for combining analog and digital signals diff --git a/pages/E6F.md b/pages/E6F.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..999b0cf --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E6F.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E6F Electro-optical technology: photoconductivity; photovoltaic devices; optical sensors and encoders; optically isolated switching + +- [[E6F01]] (C) +What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] Protons + - [[B.]] Photons + - [[C.]] Electrons + - [[D.]] Holes +- [[E6F02]] (A) +What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it? #card + - [[A.]] Resistance decreases + - [[B.]] Resistance increases + - [[C.]] Reflectivity increases + - [[D.]] Reflectivity decreases +- [[E6F03]] (D) +What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler? #card + - [[A.]] A lens and a photomultiplier + - [[B.]] A frequency-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[C.]] An amplitude-modulated helium-neon laser + - [[D.]] An LED and a phototransistor +- [[E6F04]] (B) +What is the photovoltaic effect? #card + - [[A.]] The conversion of voltage to current when exposed to light + - [[B.]] The conversion of light to electrical energy + - [[C.]] The effect that causes a photodiode to emit light when a voltage is applied + - [[D.]] The effect that causes a phototransistor’s beta to decrease when exposed to light +- [[E6F05]] (A) +Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder? #card + - [[A.]] A device that detects rotation by interrupting a light source with a patterned wheel + - [[B.]] A device that measures the strength of a beam of light using analog-to-digital conversion + - [[C.]] An optical computing device in which light is coupled between devices by fiber optics + - [[D.]] A device for generating RTTY signals by means of a rotating light source +- [[E6F06]] (C) +Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices? #card + - [[A.]] Polyphenol acetate + - [[B.]] Argon + - [[C.]] Crystalline semiconductor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E6F07]] (B) +What is a solid-state relay? #card + - [[A.]] A relay that uses transistors to drive the relay coil + - [[B.]] A device that uses semiconductors to implement the functions of an electromechanical relay + - [[C.]] A mechanical relay that latches in the on or off state each time it is pulsed + - [[D.]] A semiconductor switch that uses a monostable multivibrator circuit +- [[E6F08]] (C) +Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Optoisolators provide a low-impedance link between a control circuit and a power circuit + - [[B.]] Optoisolators provide impedance matching between the control circuit and power circuit + - [[C.]] Optoisolators provide an electrical isolation between a control circuit and the circuit being switched + - [[D.]] Optoisolators eliminate the effects of reflected light in the control circuit +- [[E6F09]] (D) +What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] The output RF power divided by the input DC power + - [[B.]] The output in lumens divided by the input power in watts + - [[C.]] The open-circuit voltage divided by the short-circuit current under full illumination + - [[D.]] The relative fraction of light that is converted to current +- [[E6F10]] (B) +What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells? #card + - [[A.]] Selenium + - [[B.]] Silicon + - [[C.]] Cadmium sulfide + - [[D.]] Indium arsenide +- [[E6F11]] (A) +What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell? #card + - [[A.]] 0.5 volts + - [[B.]] 0.7 volts + - [[C.]] 1.1 volts + - [[D.]] 1.5 volts diff --git a/pages/E7-1.md b/pages/E7-1.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4bc5dbe --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7-1.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132073944_0.png) \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E7-2.md b/pages/E7-2.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ccb672b --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7-2.md @@ -0,0 +1 @@ +- ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132104060_0.png){:height 663, :width 780} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E7A.md b/pages/E7A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b730d89 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7A.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E7A Digital circuits: digital circuit principles and logic circuits; classes of logic elements; positive and negative logic; frequency dividers; truth tables + +- [[E7A01]] (C) +Which circuit is bistable? #card + - [[A.]] An AND gate + - [[B.]] An OR gate + - [[C.]] A flip-flop + - [[D.]] A bipolar amplifier +- [[E7A02]] (A) +What is the function of a decade counter? #card + - [[A.]] It produces one output pulse for every 10 input pulses + - [[B.]] It decodes a decimal number for display on a seven-segment LED display + - [[C.]] It produces 10 output pulses for every input pulse + - [[D.]] It decodes a binary number for display on a seven-segment LED display +- [[E7A03]] (B) +Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2? #card + - [[A.]] An XOR gate + - [[B.]] A flip-flop + - [[C.]] An OR gate + - [[D.]] A multiplexer +- [[E7A04]] (A) +How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 16? #card + - [[A.]] 4 + - [[B.]] 6 + - [[C.]] 8 + - [[D.]] 16 +- [[E7A05]] (D) +Which of the following circuits continuously alternates between two states without an external clock signal? #card + - [[A.]] Monostable multivibrator + - [[B.]] J-K flip-flop + - [[C.]] T flip-flop + - [[D.]] Astable multivibrator +- [[E7A06]] (A) +What is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator? #card + - [[A.]] It switches temporarily to an alternate state for a set time + - [[B.]] It produces a continuous square wave + - [[C.]] It stores one bit of data + - [[D.]] It maintains a constant output voltage, regardless of variations in the input voltage +- [[E7A07]] (D) +What logical operation does a NAND gate perform? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0 + - [[B.]] It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 1 +- [[E7A08]] (A) +What logical operation does an OR gate perform? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 1 at its output if any input is 1 + - [[B.]] It produces a 0 at its output if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if some but not all inputs are 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 1 at its output if all inputs are 0 +- [[E7A09]] (C) +What logical operation is performed by a two-input exclusive NOR gate? #card + - [[A.]] It produces a 0 at its output only if all inputs are 0 + - [[B.]] It produces a 1 at its output only if all inputs are 1 + - [[C.]] It produces a 0 at its output if one and only one of its inputs is 1 + - [[D.]] It produces a 1 at its output if one and only one input is 1 +- [[E7A10]] (B) +What is a truth table? #card + - [[A.]] A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for an op-amp + - [[B.]] A list of inputs and corresponding outputs for a digital device + - [[C.]] A diagram showing logic states when the digital gate output is true + - [[D.]] A table of logic symbols that indicate the logic states of an op-amp +- [[E7A11]] (B) +What does “positive logic” mean in reference to logic devices? + - [[A.]] The logic devices have high noise immunity + - [[B.]] High voltage represents a 1, low voltage a 0 + - [[C.]] The logic circuit is in the “true” condition + - [[D.]] 1s and 0s are defined as different positive voltage levels diff --git a/pages/E7B.md b/pages/E7B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14adeb7 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7B.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +E7B Amplifiers: class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; spurious and parasitic suppression; switching-type amplifiers + +- [[E7B01]] (A) + For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct? #card + - [[A.]] More than 180 degrees but less than 360 degrees + - [[B.]] Exactly 180 degrees + - [[C.]] The entire cycle + - [[D.]] Less than 180 degrees +- [[E7B02]] (A) + What is a Class D amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] An amplifier that uses switching technology to achieve high efficiency + - [[B.]] A low power amplifier that uses a differential amplifier for improved linearity + - [[C.]] An amplifier that uses drift-mode FETs for high efficiency + - [[D.]] An amplifier biased to be relatively free from distortion +- [[E7B03]] (A) + What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] A filter to remove harmonic content + - [[B.]] A high-pass filter to compensate for low gain at low frequencies + - [[C.]] A matched load resistor to prevent damage by switching transients + - [[D.]] A temperature compensating load resistor to improve linearity +- [[E7B04]] (A) + What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Approximately halfway between saturation and cutoff + - [[B.]] Approximately halfway between the emitter voltage and the base voltage + - [[C.]] At a point where the bias resistor equals the load resistor + - [[D.]] At a point where the load line intersects the zero bias current curve +- [[E7B05]] (C) + What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Tune the stage for minimum loading + - [[B.]] Tune both the input and output for maximum power + - [[C.]] Install parasitic suppressors and/or neutralize the stage + - [[D.]] Use a phase inverter in the output filter +- [[E7B06]] (B) + What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] High power gain + - [[B.]] Low input impedance + - [[C.]] High electrostatic damage protection + - [[D.]] Low bandwidth +- [[E7B07]] (D) + Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] Reduced intermodulation products + - [[B.]] Increased overall intelligibility + - [[C.]] Reduced third-order intermodulation + - [[D.]] Signal distortion and excessive bandwidth +- [[E7B08]] (B) + Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers? #card + - [[A.]] Switching amplifiers operate at higher voltages + - [[B.]] The switching device is at saturation or cutoff most of the time + - [[C.]] Linear amplifiers have high gain resulting in higher harmonic content + - [[D.]] Switching amplifiers use push-pull circuits +- [[E7B09]] (D) + What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] Low input impedance and phase inversion from input to output + - [[B.]] Differential inputs and single output + - [[C.]] Acts as an OR circuit if one input is grounded + - [[D.]] Input and output signals in-phase +- [[E7B10]] (B) + In Figure [[E7-1]], what is the purpose of R1 and R2? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132073944_0.png) + - [[A.]] Load resistors + - [[B.]] Voltage divider bias + - [[C.]] Self bias + - [[D.]] Feedback +- [[E7B11]] (D) + In Figure [[E7-1]], what is the purpose of R3? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132073944_0.png) + - + - [[A.]] Fixed bias + - [[B.]] Emitter bypass + - [[C.]] Output load resistor + - [[D.]] Self bias +- [[E7B12]] (C) + What type of amplifier circuit is shown in Figure [[E7-1]]? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132073944_0.png) + - [[A.]] Common base + - [[B.]] Common collector + - [[C.]] Common emitter + - [[D.]] Emitter follower \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E7C.md b/pages/E7C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..83270fe --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7C.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E7C Filters and matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter characteristics; impedance matching + +- [[E7C01]] (D) +How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network’s input and output? #card + - [[A.]] Two inductors are in series between the input and output, and a capacitor is connected between the two inductors and ground + - [[B.]] Two capacitors are in series between the input and output, and an inductor is connected between the two capacitors and ground + - [[C.]] An inductor is connected between the input and ground, another inductor is connected between the output and ground, and a capacitor is connected between the input and output + - [[D.]] A capacitor is connected between the input and ground, another capacitor is connected between the output and ground, and an inductor is connected between the input and output +- [[E7C02]] (B) +What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor? #card + - [[A.]] Low-pass + - [[B.]] High-pass + - [[C.]] Band-pass + - [[D.]] Notch +- [[E7C03]] (A) +What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network? #card + - [[A.]] Greater harmonic suppression + - [[B.]] Higher efficiency + - [[C.]] To eliminate one capacitor + - [[D.]] Greater transformation range +- [[E7C04]] (C) +How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance? #card + - [[A.]] It introduces negative resistance to cancel the resistive part of impedance + - [[B.]] It introduces transconductance to cancel the reactive part of impedance + - [[C.]] It cancels the reactive part of the impedance and changes the resistive part to the desired value + - [[D.]] Reactive currents are dissipated in matched resistances +- [[E7C05]] (D) +Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff? #card + - [[A.]] A Butterworth filter + - [[B.]] An active LC filter + - [[C.]] A passive op-amp filter + - [[D.]] A Chebyshev filter +- [[E7C06]] (C) +What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter? #card + - [[A.]] Gradual passband rolloff with minimal stop-band ripple + - [[B.]] Extremely flat response over its pass band with gradually rounded stop-band corners + - [[C.]] Extremely sharp cutoff with one or more notches in the stop band + - [[D.]] Gradual passband rolloff with extreme stop-band ripple +- [[E7C07]] (B) +Which describes a Pi-L network? #card + - [[A.]] A Phase Inverter Load network + - [[B.]] A Pi-network with an additional output series inductor + - [[C.]] A network with only three discrete parts + - [[D.]] A matching network in which all components are isolated from ground +- [[E7C08]] (B) +Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers? #card + - [[A.]] A Sallen-Key filter + - [[B.]] A helical filter + - [[C.]] A swinging choke filter + - [[D.]] A finite impulse response filter +- [[E7C09]] (D) +What is a crystal lattice filter? #card + - [[A.]] A power supply filter made with interlaced quartz crystals + - [[B.]] An audio filter made with four quartz crystals that resonate at 1 kHz intervals + - [[C.]] A filter using lattice-shaped quartz crystals for high-Q performance + - [[D.]] A filter for low-level signals made using quartz crystals +- [[E7C10]] (B) +Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer? #card + - [[A.]] A crystal filter + - [[B.]] A cavity filter + - [[C.]] A DSP filter + - [[D.]] An L-C filter +- [[E7C11]] (C) +Which of the following measures a filter’s ability to reject signals in adjacent channels? #card + - [[A.]] Passband ripple + - [[B.]] Phase response + - [[C.]] Shape factor + - [[D.]] Noise factor diff --git a/pages/E7D.md b/pages/E7D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..48d9d0f --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7D.md @@ -0,0 +1,95 @@ +E7D Power supplies and voltage regulators; solar array charge controllers + +- [[E7D01]] (D) + How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work? #card + - [[A.]] It has a ramp voltage as its output + - [[B.]] It eliminates the need for a pass transistor + - [[C.]] The control element duty cycle is proportional to the line or load conditions + - [[D.]] The conduction of a control element is varied to maintain a constant output voltage +- [[E7D02]] (B) + How does a switchmode voltage regulator work? #card + - [[A.]] By alternating the output between positive and negative voltages + - [[B.]] By varying the duty cycle of pulses input to a filter + - [[C.]] By varying the conductivity of a pass element + - [[D.]] By switching between two Zener diode reference voltages +- [[E7D03]] (A) + What device is used as a stable voltage reference? #card + - [[A.]] A Zener diode + - [[B.]] A digital-to-analog converter + - [[C.]] An SCR + - [[D.]] An analog-to-digital converter +- [[E7D04]] (B) + Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] A series current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt regulator + - [[D.]] A shunt current source +- [[E7D05]] (D) + Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source? #card + - [[A.]] A constant current source + - [[B.]] A series regulator + - [[C.]] A shunt current source + - [[D.]] A shunt regulator +- [[E7D06]] (C) + What is the purpose of Q1 in the circuit shown in Figure [[E7-2]]? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132118494_0.png) + - [[A.]] It provides negative feedback to improve regulation + - [[B.]] It provides a constant load for the voltage source + - [[C.]] It controls the current to keep the output voltage constant + - [[D.]] It provides regulation by switching or “chopping” the input DC voltage +- [[E7D07]] (A) + What is the purpose of C2 in the circuit shown in Figure [[E7-2]]? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132124439_0.png) + - [[A.]] It bypasses rectifier output ripple around D1 + - [[B.]] It is a brute force filter for the output + - [[C.]] To prevent self-oscillation + - [[D.]] To provide fixed DC bias for Q1 +- [[E7D08]] (C) + What type of circuit is shown in Figure [[E7-2]]? #card + ![image.png](../assets/image_1746132112640_0.png) + - [[A.]] Switching voltage regulator + - [[B.]] Common emitter amplifier + - [[C.]] Linear voltage regulator + - [[D.]] Common base amplifier +- [[E7D09]] (C) + How is battery operating time calculated? #card + - [[A.]] Average current divided by capacity in amp-hours + - [[B.]] Average current divided by internal resistance + - [[C.]] Capacity in amp-hours divided by average current + - [[D.]] Internal resistance divided by average current +- [[E7D10]] (C) + Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply? #card + - [[A.]] The inverter design does not require an output filter circuit + - [[B.]] The control circuitry uses less current, therefore smaller heat sinks are required + - [[C.]] The high frequency inverter design uses much smaller transformers and filter components for an equivalent power output + - [[D.]] It recovers power from the unused portion of the AC cycle, thus using fewer components +- [[E7D11]] (D) + What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output? #card + - [[A.]] Reduce AC ripple on the output + - [[B.]] Maintain voltage with varying illumination levels + - [[C.]] Prevent discharge when panel is not illuminated + - [[D.]] Convert the panel’s output from DC to AC +- [[E7D12]] (C) + What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] Minimum input voltage for rated power dissipation + - [[B.]] Maximum output voltage drop when the input voltage is varied over its specified range + - [[C.]] Minimum input-to-output voltage required to maintain regulation + - [[D.]] Maximum that the output voltage may decrease at rated load +- [[E7D13]] (C) + Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator? #card + - [[A.]] Input voltage multiplied by input current + - [[B.]] Input voltage divided by output current + - [[C.]] Voltage difference from input to output multiplied by output current + - [[D.]] Output voltage multiplied by output current +- [[E7D14]] (D) + What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series? #card + - [[A.]] Equalize the voltage across each capacitor + - [[B.]] Discharge the capacitors when voltage is removed + - [[C.]] Provide a minimum load on the supply + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E7D15]] (D) + What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply? #card + - [[A.]] To provide a dual-voltage output for reduced power applications + - [[B.]] To compensate for variations of the incoming line voltage + - [[C.]] To prevent arcing across the input power switch or relay contacts + - [[D.]] To allow the filter capacitors to charge gradually \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/E7E.md b/pages/E7E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6a05f9c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7E.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E7E Modulation and demodulation: reactance, phase, and balanced modulators; detectors; mixers + +- [[E7E01]] (B) +Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals? #card + - [[A.]] Balanced modulation of the audio amplifier + - [[B.]] Reactance modulation of a local oscillator + - [[C.]] Reactance modulation of the final amplifier + - [[D.]] Balanced modulation of a local oscillator +- [[E7E02]] (D) +What is the function of a reactance modulator? #card + - [[A.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a resistance + - [[B.]] Produce AM signals by varying an inductance + - [[C.]] Produce AM signals by varying a resistance + - [[D.]] Produce PM or FM signals by varying a capacitance +- [[E7E03]] (D) +What is a frequency discriminator? #card + - [[A.]] An FM generator circuit + - [[B.]] A circuit for filtering closely adjacent signals + - [[C.]] An automatic band-switching circuit + - [[D.]] A circuit for detecting FM signals +- [[E7E04]] (A) +What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] Use a balanced modulator followed by a filter + - [[B.]] Use a reactance modulator followed by a mixer + - [[C.]] Use a loop modulator followed by a mixer + - [[D.]] Use a product detector with a DSB signal +- [[E7E05]] (D) +What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies? #card + - [[A.]] A de-emphasis network + - [[B.]] A harmonic enhancer + - [[C.]] A heterodyne enhancer + - [[D.]] A pre-emphasis network +- [[E7E06]] (A) +Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers? #card + - [[A.]] For compatibility with transmitters using phase modulation + - [[B.]] To reduce impulse noise reception + - [[C.]] For higher efficiency + - [[D.]] To remove third-order distortion products +- [[E7E07]] (B) +What is meant by the term “baseband” in radio communications? #card + - [[A.]] The lowest frequency band that the transmitter or receiver covers + - [[B.]] The frequency range occupied by a message signal prior to modulation + - [[C.]] The unmodulated bandwidth of the transmitted signal + - [[D.]] The basic oscillator frequency in an FM transmitter that is multiplied to increase the deviation and carrier frequency +- [[E7E08]] (C) +What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer? #card + - [[A.]] Two and four times the input frequency + - [[B.]] The square root of the product of input frequencies + - [[C.]] The two input frequencies along with their sum and difference frequencies + - [[D.]] 1.414 and 0.707 times the input frequency +- [[E7E09]] (A) +What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high? #card + - [[A.]] Spurious mixer products are generated + - [[B.]] Mixer blanking occurs + - [[C.]] Automatic limiting occurs + - [[D.]] Excessive AGC voltage levels are generated +- [[E7E10]] (A) +How does a diode envelope detector function? #card + - [[A.]] By rectification and filtering of RF signals + - [[B.]] By breakdown of the Zener voltage + - [[C.]] By mixing signals with noise in the transition region of the diode + - [[D.]] By sensing the change of reactance in the diode with respect to frequency +- [[E7E11]] (C) +Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals? #card + - [[A.]] Discriminator + - [[B.]] Phase detector + - [[C.]] Product detector + - [[D.]] Phase comparator diff --git a/pages/E7F.md b/pages/E7F.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..01759f7 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7F.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E7F Software defined radio fundamentals: digital signal processing (DSP) filtering, modulation, and demodulation; analog-digital conversion; digital filters + +- [[E7F01]] (C) +What is meant by “direct sampling” in software defined radios? #card + - [[A.]] Software is converted from source code to object code during operation of the receiver + - [[B.]] I and Q signals are generated by digital processing without the use of RF amplification + - [[C.]] Incoming RF is digitized by an analog-to-digital converter without being mixed with a local oscillator signal + - [[D.]] A switching mixer is used to generate I and Q signals directly from the RF input +- [[E7F02]] (A) +What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal? #card + - [[A.]] An adaptive filter + - [[B.]] A crystal-lattice filter + - [[C.]] A Hilbert-transform filter + - [[D.]] A phase-inverting filter +- [[E7F03]] (C) +What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal? #card + - [[A.]] An adaptive filter + - [[B.]] A notch filter + - [[C.]] A Hilbert-transform filter + - [[D.]] An elliptical filter +- [[E7F04]] (D) +Which method generates an SSB signal using digital signal processing? #card + - [[A.]] Mixing products are converted to voltages and subtracted by adder circuits + - [[B.]] A frequency synthesizer removes unwanted sidebands + - [[C.]] Varying quartz crystal characteristics are emulated in digital form + - [[D.]] Signals are combined in quadrature phase relationship +- [[E7F05]] (B) +How frequently must an analog signal be sampled to be accurately reproduced? #card + - [[A.]] At least half the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[B.]] At least twice the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[C.]] At the same rate as the highest frequency component of the signal + - [[D.]] At four times the rate of the highest frequency component of the signal +- [[E7F06]] (D) +What is the minimum number of bits required to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt? #card + - [[A.]] 4 bits + - [[B.]] 6 bits + - [[C.]] 8 bits + - [[D.]] 10 bits +- [[E7F07]] (C) +What function is performed by a Fast Fourier Transform? #card + - [[A.]] Converting analog signals to digital form + - [[B.]] Converting digital signals to analog form + - [[C.]] Converting signals from the time domain to the frequency domain + - [[D.]] Converting signals from the frequency domain to the time domain +- [[E7F08]] (B) +What is the function of decimation? #card + - [[A.]] Converting data to binary-coded decimal form + - [[B.]] Reducing the effective sample rate by removing samples + - [[C.]] Attenuating the signal + - [[D.]] Removing unnecessary significant digits +- [[E7F09]] (A) +Why is an anti-aliasing filter required in a decimator? #card + - [[A.]] It removes high-frequency signal components that would otherwise be reproduced as lower frequency components + - [[B.]] It peaks the response of the decimator, improving bandwidth + - [[C.]] It removes low-frequency signal components to eliminate the need for DC restoration + - [[D.]] It notches out the sampling frequency to avoid sampling errors +- [[E7F10]] (A) +What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a direct-sampling software defined radio (SDR)? #card + - [[A.]] Sample rate + - [[B.]] Sample width in bits + - [[C.]] Integral non-linearity + - [[D.]] Differential non-linearity +- [[E7F11]] (B) +What sets the minimum detectable signal level for a direct-sampling software defined receiver in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise? #card + - [[A.]] Sample clock phase noise + - [[B.]] Reference voltage level and sample width in bits + - [[C.]] Data storage transfer rate + - [[D.]] Missing codes and jitter +- [[E7F12]] (A) +Which of the following is generally true of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters? #card + - [[A.]] FIR filters can delay all frequency components of the signal by the same amount + - [[B.]] FIR filters are easier to implement for a given set of passband rolloff requirements + - [[C.]] FIR filters can respond faster to impulses + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E7F13]] (D) +What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter? #card + - [[A.]] To reduce excess signal pressure levels + - [[B.]] Provide access for debugging software + - [[C.]] Select the point at which baseband signals are generated + - [[D.]] Provide incremental signal delays for filter algorithms +- [[E7F14]] (B) +Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response? #card + - [[A.]] Higher data rate + - [[B.]] More taps + - [[C.]] Lower Q + - [[D.]] Double-precision math routines diff --git a/pages/E7G.md b/pages/E7G.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..21b07c1 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7G.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E7G Operational amplifiers: characteristics and applications + +- [[E7G01]] (A) +What is the typical output impedance of an op-amp? #card + - [[A.]] Very low + - [[B.]] Very high + - [[C.]] 100 ohms + - [[D.]] 10,000 ohms +- [[E7G02]] (B) +What is the frequency response of the circuit in E7-3 if a capacitor is added across the feedback resistor? #card + - [[A.]] High-pass filter + - [[B.]] Low-pass filter + - [[C.]] Band-pass filter + - [[D.]] Notch filter +- [[E7G03]] (D) +What is the typical input impedance of an op-amp? #card + - [[A.]] 100 ohms + - [[B.]] 10,000 ohms + - [[C.]] Very low + - [[D.]] Very high +- [[E7G04]] (C) +What is meant by the term “op-amp input offset voltage”? #card + - [[A.]] The output voltage of the op-amp minus its input voltage + - [[B.]] The difference between the output voltage of the op-amp and the input voltage required in the immediately following stage + - [[C.]] The differential input voltage needed to bring the open loop output voltage to zero + - [[D.]] The potential between the amplifier input terminals of the op-amp in an open loop condition +- [[E7G05]] (A) +How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in an op-amp audio filter? #card + - [[A.]] Restrict both gain and Q + - [[B.]] Restrict gain but increase Q + - [[C.]] Restrict Q but increase gain + - [[D.]] Increase both gain and Q +- [[E7G06]] (B) +What is the gain-bandwidth of an operational amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] The maximum frequency for a filter circuit using that type of amplifier + - [[B.]] The frequency at which the open-loop gain of the amplifier equals one + - [[C.]] The gain of the amplifier at a filter’s cutoff frequency + - [[D.]] The frequency at which the amplifier’s offset voltage is zero +- [[E7G07]] (C) +What voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7‑3 when R1 is 10 ohms and RF is 470 ohms? #card + - [[A.]] 0.21 + - [[B.]] 4700 + - [[C.]] 47 + - [[D.]] 24 +- [[E7G08]] (D) +How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency? #card + - [[A.]] It increases linearly with increasing frequency + - [[B.]] It decreases linearly with increasing frequency + - [[C.]] It decreases logarithmically with increasing frequency + - [[D.]] It does not vary with frequency +- [[E7G09]] (D) +What will be the output voltage of the circuit shown in Figure E7-3 if R1 is 1,000 ohms, RF is 10,000 ohms, and 0.23 volts DC is applied to the input? #card + - [[A.]] 0.23 volts + - [[B.]] 2.3 volts + - [[C.]] -0.23 volts + - [[D.]] -2.3 volts +- [[E7G10]] (C) +What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 1,800 ohms and RF is 68 kilohms? #card + - [[A.]] 1 + - [[B.]] 0.03 + - [[C.]] 38 + - [[D.]] 76 +- [[E7G11]] (B) +What absolute voltage gain can be expected from the circuit in Figure E7-3 when R1 is 3,300 ohms and RF is 47 kilohms? #card + - [[A.]] 28 + - [[B.]] 14 + - [[C.]] 7 + - [[D.]] 0.07 +- [[E7G12]] (A) +What is an operational amplifier? #card + - [[A.]] A high-gain, direct-coupled differential amplifier with very high input impedance and very low output impedance + - [[B.]] A digital audio amplifier whose characteristics are determined by components external to the amplifier + - [[C.]] An amplifier used to increase the average output of frequency modulated amateur signals to the legal limit + - [[D.]] A RF amplifier used in the UHF and microwave regions diff --git a/pages/E7H.md b/pages/E7H.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..84e3405 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E7H.md @@ -0,0 +1,80 @@ +E7H Oscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct digital synthesizers; stabilizing thermal drift; microphonics; high-accuracy oscillators + +- [[E7H01]] (D) +What are three common oscillator circuits? #card + - [[A.]] Taft, Pierce, and negative feedback + - [[B.]] Pierce, Fenner, and Beane + - [[C.]] Taft, Hartley, and Pierce + - [[D.]] Colpitts, Hartley, and Pierce +- [[E7H02]] (C) +What is a microphonic? #card + - [[A.]] An IC used for amplifying microphone signals + - [[B.]] Distortion caused by RF pickup on the microphone cable + - [[C.]] Changes in oscillator frequency caused by mechanical vibration + - [[D.]] Excess loading of the microphone by an oscillator +- [[E7H03]] (C) +What is a phase-locked loop? #card + - [[A.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a ratio detector, reactance modulator, and voltage-controlled oscillator + - [[B.]] An electronic circuit also known as a monostable multivibrator + - [[C.]] An electronic servo loop consisting of a phase detector, a low-pass filter, a voltage-controlled oscillator, and a stable reference oscillator + - [[D.]] An electronic circuit consisting of a precision push-pull amplifier with a differential phase input +- [[E7H04]] (C) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a capacitive divider + - [[D.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor +- [[E7H05]] (D) +How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator? #card + - [[A.]] Through a tapped coil + - [[B.]] Through link coupling + - [[C.]] Through a neutralizing capacitor + - [[D.]] Through a quartz crystal +- [[E7H06]] (B) +Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop? #card + - [[A.]] Wide-band AF and RF power amplification + - [[B.]] Frequency synthesis and FM demodulation + - [[C.]] Photovoltaic conversion and optical coupling + - [[D.]] Comparison of two digital input signals and digital pulse counting +- [[E7H07]] (D) +How can an oscillator’s microphonic responses be reduced? #card + - [[A.]] Use NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Reduce noise on the oscillator’s power supply + - [[C.]] Increase the gain + - [[D.]] Mechanically isolate the oscillator circuitry from its enclosure +- [[E7H08]] (A) +Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators? #card + - [[A.]] NP0 capacitors + - [[B.]] Toroidal inductors + - [[C.]] Wirewound resistors + - [[D.]] Non-inductive resistors +- [[E7H09]] (A) +What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter? #card + - [[A.]] A direct digital synthesizer + - [[B.]] A hybrid synthesizer + - [[C.]] A phase-locked loop synthesizer + - [[D.]] A direct conversion synthesizer +- [[E7H10]] (B) +What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)? #card + - [[A.]] The phase relationship between a reference oscillator and the output waveform + - [[B.]] Amplitude values that represent the desired waveform + - [[C.]] The phase relationship between a voltage-controlled oscillator and the output waveform + - [[D.]] Frequently used receiver and transmitter frequencies +- [[E7H11]] (C) +What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers? #card + - [[A.]] Broadband noise + - [[B.]] Digital conversion noise + - [[C.]] Spurious signals at discrete frequencies + - [[D.]] Harmonics of the local oscillator +- [[E7H12]] (B) +Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer? #card + - [[A.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel inductance + - [[B.]] Provide the crystal with a specified parallel capacitance + - [[C.]] Bias the crystal at a specified voltage + - [[D.]] Bias the crystal at a specified current +- [[E7H13]] (D) +Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception? #card + - [[A.]] Use a GPS signal reference + - [[B.]] Use a rubidium stabilized reference oscillator + - [[C.]] Use a temperature-controlled high Q dielectric resonator + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct diff --git a/pages/E8A.md b/pages/E8A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..201e377 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E8A.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E8A Fourier analysis; RMS measurements; average RF power and peak envelope power (PEP); analog/digital conversion + +- [[E8A01]] (A) +What technique shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave and its odd harmonics? #card + - [[A.]] Fourier analysis + - [[B.]] Vector analysis + - [[C.]] Numerical analysis + - [[D.]] Differential analysis +- [[E8A02]] (A) +Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion? #card + - [[A.]] Successive approximation + - [[B.]] Harmonic regeneration + - [[C.]] Level shifting + - [[D.]] Phase reversal +- [[E8A03]] (B) +Which of the following describes a signal in the time domain? #card + - [[A.]] Power at intervals of phase + - [[B.]] Amplitude at different times + - [[C.]] Frequency at different times + - [[D.]] Discrete impulses in time order +- [[E8A04]] (B) +What is “dither” with respect to analog-to-digital converters? #card + - [[A.]] An abnormal condition where the converter cannot settle on a value to represent the signal + - [[B.]] A small amount of noise added to the input signal to reduce quantization noise + - [[C.]] An error caused by irregular quantization step size + - [[D.]] A method of decimation by randomly skipping samples +- [[E8A05]] (D) +What is the benefit of making voltage measurements with a true-RMS calculating meter? #card + - [[A.]] An inverse Fourier transform can be used + - [[B.]] The signal’s RMS noise factor is also calculated + - [[C.]] The calculated RMS value can be converted directly into phasor form + - [[D.]] RMS is measured for both sinusoidal and non-sinusoidal signals +- [[E8A06]] (A) +What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] 2.5 to 1 + - [[B.]] 25 to 1 + - [[C.]] 1 to 1 + - [[D.]] 13 to 1 +- [[E8A07]] (B) +What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? #card + - [[A.]] The frequency of the modulating signal + - [[B.]] Speech characteristics + - [[C.]] The degree of carrier suppression + - [[D.]] Amplifier gain +- [[E8A08]] (C) +Why are direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converters used for a software defined radio? #card + - [[A.]] Very low power consumption decreases frequency drift + - [[B.]] Immunity to out-of-sequence coding reduces spurious responses + - [[C.]] Very high speed allows digitizing high frequencies + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E8A09]] (D) +How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution? #card + - [[A.]] 8 + - [[B.]] 8 multiplied by the gain of the input amplifier + - [[C.]] 256 divided by the gain of the input amplifier + - [[D.]] 256 +- [[E8A10]] (C) +What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used at the output of a digital-to-analog converter? #card + - [[A.]] Lower the input bandwidth to increase the effective resolution + - [[B.]] Improve accuracy by removing out-of-sequence codes from the input + - [[C.]] Remove spurious sampling artifacts from the output signal + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E8A11]] (A) +Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter? #card + - [[A.]] Total harmonic distortion + - [[B.]] Peak envelope power + - [[C.]] Reciprocal mixing + - [[D.]] Power factor diff --git a/pages/E8B.md b/pages/E8B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..14cc310 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E8B.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E8B Modulation and demodulation: modulation methods; modulation index and deviation ratio; frequency- and time-division multiplexing; orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) + +- [[E8B01]] (A) +What is the modulation index of an FM signal? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of frequency deviation to modulating signal frequency + - [[B.]] The ratio of modulating signal amplitude to frequency deviation + - [[C.]] The modulating signal frequency divided by the bandwidth of the transmitted signal + - [[D.]] The bandwidth of the transmitted signal divided by the modulating signal frequency +- [[E8B02]] (D) +How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency? #card + - [[A.]] It increases as the RF carrier frequency increases + - [[B.]] It decreases as the RF carrier frequency increases + - [[C.]] It varies with the square root of the RF carrier frequency + - [[D.]] It does not depend on the RF carrier frequency +- [[E8B03]] (A) +What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency if the highest modulating frequency is 1000 Hz? #card + - [[A.]] 3 + - [[B.]] 0.3 + - [[C.]] 6 + - [[D.]] 0.6 +- [[E8B04]] (B) +What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz if the highest modulating frequency is 2 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 0.3 + - [[B.]] 3 + - [[C.]] 0.6 + - [[D.]] 6 +- [[E8B05]] (D) +What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 6 + - [[B.]] 0.167 + - [[C.]] 0.6 + - [[D.]] 1.67 +- [[E8B06]] (A) +What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz? #card + - [[A.]] 2.14 + - [[B.]] 0.214 + - [[C.]] 0.47 + - [[D.]] 47 +- [[E8B07]] (A) +Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique used for which types of amateur communication? #card + - [[A.]] Digital modes + - [[B.]] Extremely low-power contacts + - [[C.]] EME + - [[D.]] OFDM signals are not allowed on amateur bands +- [[E8B08]] (D) +What describes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)? #card + - [[A.]] A frequency modulation technique that uses non-harmonically related frequencies + - [[B.]] A bandwidth compression technique using Fourier transforms + - [[C.]] A digital mode for narrow-band, slow-speed transmissions + - [[D.]] A digital modulation technique using subcarriers at frequencies chosen to avoid intersymbol interference +- [[E8B09]] (B) +What is deviation ratio? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of the audio modulating frequency to the center carrier frequency + - [[B.]] The ratio of the maximum carrier frequency deviation to the highest audio modulating frequency + - [[C.]] The ratio of the carrier center frequency to the audio modulating frequency + - [[D.]] The ratio of the highest audio modulating frequency to the average audio modulating frequency +- [[E8B10]] (B) +What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)? #card + - [[A.]] The transmitted signal jumps from band to band at a predetermined rate + - [[B.]] Dividing the transmitted signal into separate frequency bands that each carry a different data stream + - [[C.]] The transmitted signal is divided into packets of information + - [[D.]] Two or more information streams are merged into a digital combiner, which then pulse position modulates the transmitter +- [[E8B11]] (B) +What is digital time division multiplexing? #card + - [[A.]] Two or more data streams are assigned to discrete sub-carriers on an FM transmitter + - [[B.]] Two or more signals are arranged to share discrete time slots of a data transmission + - [[C.]] Two or more data streams share the same channel by transmitting time of transmission as the sub-carrier + - [[D.]] Two or more signals are quadrature modulated to increase bandwidth efficiency diff --git a/pages/E8C.md b/pages/E8C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..896a47b --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E8C.md @@ -0,0 +1,92 @@ +E8C Digital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction; constellation diagrams + +- [[E8C01]] (B) +What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM? #card + - [[A.]] A technique for digital data compression used in digital television which removes redundancy in the data by comparing bit amplitudes + - [[B.]] Transmission of data by modulating the amplitude of two carriers of the same frequency but 90 degrees out of phase + - [[C.]] A method of performing single sideband modulation by shifting the phase of the carrier and modulation components of the signal + - [[D.]] A technique for analog modulation of television video signals using phase modulation and compression +- [[E8C02]] (C) +What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission? #card + - [[A.]] The number of control characters in a message packet + - [[B.]] The maximum rate at which the forward error correction code can make corrections + - [[C.]] The rate at which the waveform changes to convey information + - [[D.]] The number of characters carried per second by the station-to-station link +- [[E8C03]] (A) +Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal? #card + - [[A.]] To minimize bandwidth + - [[B.]] To simplify modulation + - [[C.]] To improve carrier suppression + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E8C04]] (C) +What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal? #card + - [[A.]] Zero-sum character encoding + - [[B.]] Reed-Solomon character encoding + - [[C.]] Use of sinusoidal data pulses + - [[D.]] Use of linear data pulses +- [[E8C05]] (C) +What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission? #card + - [[A.]] 13 Hz + - [[B.]] 26 Hz + - [[C.]] 52 Hz + - [[D.]] 104 Hz +- [[E8C06]] (B) +What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal? #card + - [[A.]] 10 Hz + - [[B.]] 50 Hz + - [[C.]] 600 Hz + - [[D.]] 2.4 kHz +- [[E8C07]] (A) +What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission? #card + - [[A.]] 15.36 kHz + - [[B.]] 9.6 kHz + - [[C.]] 4.8 kHz + - [[D.]] 5.76 kHz +- [[E8C08]] (D) +How does ARQ accomplish error correction? #card + - [[A.]] Special binary codes provide automatic correction + - [[B.]] Special polynomial codes provide automatic correction + - [[C.]] If errors are detected, redundant data is substituted + - [[D.]] If errors are detected, a retransmission is requested +- [[E8C09]] (D) +Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values? #card + - [[A.]] Binary Coded Decimal Code + - [[B.]] Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code + - [[C.]] Extended ASCII + - [[D.]] Gray code +- [[E8C10]] (C) +How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth? #card + - [[A.]] It is impossible + - [[B.]] Increasing analog-to-digital conversion resolution + - [[C.]] Using a more efficient digital code + - [[D.]] Using forward error correction +- [[E8C11]] (A) +What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud? #card + - [[A.]] They are the same + - [[B.]] Baud is twice the symbol rate + - [[C.]] Baud rate is half the symbol rate + - [[D.]] The relationship depends on the specific code used +- [[E8C12]] (C) +What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal? #card + - [[A.]] IF bandwidth and Q + - [[B.]] Modulation index and output power + - [[C.]] Keying speed and shape factor (rise and fall time) + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E8C13]] (B) +What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal? #card + - [[A.]] How many carriers may be present at the same time + - [[B.]] The possible phase and amplitude states for each symbol + - [[C.]] Frequency response of the signal stream + - [[D.]] The number of bits used for error correction in the protocol +- [[E8C14]] (C) +What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Email + - [[B.]] Trust server + - [[C.]] Internet Protocol (IP) + - [[D.]] Talk group +- [[E8C15]] (C) +What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network? #card + - [[A.]] Forward error correction and Viterbi codes + - [[B.]] Acting as store-and-forward digipeaters + - [[C.]] Discovery and link establishment protocols + - [[D.]] Custom code plugs for the local trunking systems diff --git a/pages/E8D.md b/pages/E8D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..55dc659 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E8D.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E8D Keying defects and overmodulation of digital signals; digital codes; spread spectrum + +- [[E8D01]] (A) +Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference? #card + - [[A.]] Signals not using the spread spectrum algorithm are suppressed in the receiver + - [[B.]] The high power used by a spread spectrum transmitter keeps its signal from being easily overpowered + - [[C.]] Built-in error correction codes minimize interference + - [[D.]] If the receiver detects interference, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies +- [[E8D02]] (B) +What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier? #card + - [[A.]] Frequency hopping + - [[B.]] Direct sequence + - [[C.]] Binary phase-shift keying + - [[D.]] Phase compandored spread spectrum +- [[E8D03]] (D) +Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping? #card + - [[A.]] If interference is detected by the receiver, it will signal the transmitter to change frequencies + - [[B.]] RF signals are clipped to generate a wide band of harmonics which provides redundancy to correct errors + - [[C.]] A binary bit stream is used to shift the phase of an RF carrier very rapidly in a pseudorandom sequence + - [[D.]] Rapidly varying the frequency of a transmitted signal according to a pseudorandom sequence +- [[E8D04]] (C) +What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal? #card + - [[A.]] More difficult to copy + - [[B.]] The generation of RF harmonics + - [[C.]] The generation of key clicks + - [[D.]] More difficult to tune +- [[E8D05]] (A) +What is the most common method of reducing key clicks? #card + - [[A.]] Increase keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[B.]] Insert low-pass filters at the transmitter output + - [[C.]] Reduce keying waveform rise and fall times + - [[D.]] Insert high-pass filters at the transmitter output +- [[E8D06]] (D) +What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters? #card + - [[A.]] Faster transmission rate + - [[B.]] Signal-to-noise ratio is improved + - [[C.]] A larger character set is available + - [[D.]] Some types of errors can be detected +- [[E8D07]] (D) +What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals? #card + - [[A.]] Excessive numbers of retries + - [[B.]] Excessive frequency deviation + - [[C.]] Bit errors in the modem + - [[D.]] Excessive transmit audio levels +- [[E8D08]] (D) +What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels? #card + - [[A.]] Signal-to-noise ratio + - [[B.]] Baud error rate + - [[C.]] Repeat Request Rate (RRR) + - [[D.]] Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) +- [[E8D09]] (D) +What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal? #card + - [[A.]] +5 dB + - [[B.]] +10 dB + - [[C.]] +15 dB + - [[D.]] -30 dB +- [[E8D10]] (B) +What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII? #card + - [[A.]] Baudot uses 4 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 1 character as a letters/figures shift code, ASCII has no letters/figures code + - [[B.]] Baudot uses 5 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot uses 2 characters as letters/figures shift codes, ASCII has no letters/figures shift code + - [[C.]] Baudot uses 6 data bits per character, ASCII uses 7 or 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes + - [[D.]] Baudot uses 7 data bits per character, ASCII uses 8; Baudot has no letters/figures shift code, ASCII uses 2 letters/figures shift codes +- [[E8D11]] (C) +What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications? #card + - [[A.]] It includes built-in error correction features + - [[B.]] It contains fewer information bits per character than any other code + - [[C.]] It is possible to transmit both uppercase and lowercase text + - [[D.]] It uses one character as a shift code to send numeric and special characters diff --git a/pages/E9A.md b/pages/E9A.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d1eec90 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9A.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E9A Basic antenna parameters: radiation resistance, gain, beamwidth, efficiency; effective radiated power (ERP) and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) + +- [[E9A01]] (C) +What is an isotropic radiator? #card + - [[A.]] A calibrated, unidirectional antenna used to make precise antenna gain measurements + - [[B.]] An omnidirectional, horizontally polarized, precisely calibrated antenna used to make field measurements of antenna gain + - [[C.]] A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions used as a reference for antenna gain + - [[D.]] A spacecraft antenna used to direct signals toward Earth +- [[E9A02]] (D) +What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 469 watts + - [[B.]] 78.7 watts + - [[C.]] 420 watts + - [[D.]] 286 watts +- [[E9A03]] (C) +What term describing total radiated power takes into account all gains and losses? #card + - [[A.]] Power factor + - [[B.]] Half-power bandwidth + - [[C.]] Effective radiated power + - [[D.]] Apparent power +- [[E9A04]] (B) +Which of the following factors affect the feed point impedance of an antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Transmission line length + - [[B.]] Antenna height + - [[C.]] The settings of an antenna tuner at the transmitter + - [[D.]] The input power level +- [[E9A05]] (D) +What does the term “ground gain” mean? #card + - [[A.]] The change in signal strength caused by grounding the antenna + - [[B.]] The gain of the antenna with respect to a dipole at ground level + - [[C.]] To force net gain to 0 dB by grounding part of the antenna + - [[D.]] An increase in signal strength from ground reflections in the environment of the antenna +- [[E9A06]] (A) +What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 317 watts + - [[B.]] 2,000 watts + - [[C.]] 126 watts + - [[D.]] 300 watts +- [[E9A07]] (B) +What is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain? #card + - [[A.]] 159 watts + - [[B.]] 252 watts + - [[C.]] 632 watts + - [[D.]] 63.2 watts +- [[E9A08]] (A) +Which frequency band has the smallest first Fresnel zone? #card + - [[A.]] 5.8 GHz + - [[B.]] 3.4 GHz + - [[C.]] 2.4 GHz + - [[D.]] 900 MHz +- [[E9A09]] (B) +What is antenna efficiency? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation resistance divided by transmission resistance + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance divided by total resistance + - [[C.]] Total resistance divided by radiation resistance + - [[D.]] Effective radiated power divided by transmitter output +- [[E9A10]] (A) +Which of the following improves the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Installing a ground radial system + - [[B.]] Isolating the coax shield from ground + - [[C.]] Shortening the radiating element + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9A11]] (C) +Which of the following determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating on HF? #card + - [[A.]] The standing wave ratio + - [[B.]] Distance from the transmitter + - [[C.]] Soil conductivity + - [[D.]] Take-off angle +- [[E9A12]] (A) +How much gain does an antenna have compared to a half-wavelength dipole if it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator? #card + - [[A.]] 3.85 dB + - [[B.]] 6.0 dB + - [[C.]] 8.15 dB + - [[D.]] 2.79 dB diff --git a/pages/E9B.md b/pages/E9B.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a32e244 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9B.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E9B Antenna patterns and designs: azimuth and elevation patterns; gain as a function of pattern; antenna modeling + +- [[E9B01]] (B) +What is the 3 dB beamwidth of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 75 degrees + - [[B.]] 50 degrees + - [[C.]] 25 degrees + - [[D.]] 30 degrees +- [[E9B02]] (D) +What is the front-to-back ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 36 dB + - [[B.]] 14 dB + - [[C.]] 24 dB + - [[D.]] 18 dB +- [[E9B03]] (D) +What is the front-to-side ratio of the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-1? #card + - [[A.]] 12 dB + - [[B.]] 24 dB + - [[C.]] 18 dB + - [[D.]] 14 dB +- [[E9B04]] (B) +What is the front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern shown in Figure E9‑2? #card + - [[A.]] 15 dB + - [[B.]] 28 dB + - [[C.]] 3 dB + - [[D.]] 38 dB +- [[E9B05]] (A) +What type of antenna pattern is shown in Figure E9-2? #card + - [[A.]] Elevation + - [[B.]] Azimuth + - [[C.]] Near field + - [[D.]] Polarization +- [[E9B06]] (C) +What is the elevation angle of peak response in the antenna radiation pattern shown in Figure E9-2? #card + - [[A.]] 45 degrees + - [[B.]] 75 degrees + - [[C.]] 7.5 degrees + - [[D.]] 25 degrees +- [[E9B07]] (C) +What is the difference in radiated power between a lossless antenna with gain and an isotropic radiator driven by the same power? #card + - [[A.]] The power radiated from the directional antenna is increased by the gain of the antenna + - [[B.]] The power radiated from the directional antenna is stronger by its front-to-back ratio + - [[C.]] They are the same + - [[D.]] The power radiated from the isotropic radiator is 2.15 dB greater than that from the directional antenna +- [[E9B08]] (D) +What is the far field of an antenna? #card + - [[A.]] The region of the ionosphere where radiated power is not refracted + - [[B.]] The region where radiated power dissipates over a specified time period + - [[C.]] The region where radiated field strengths are constant + - [[D.]] The region where the shape of the radiation pattern no longer varies with distance +- [[E9B09]] (B) +What type of analysis is commonly used for modeling antennas? #card + - [[A.]] Graphical analysis + - [[B.]] Method of Moments + - [[C.]] Mutual impedance analysis + - [[D.]] Calculus differentiation with respect to physical properties +- [[E9B10]] (A) +What is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis? #card + - [[A.]] A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a uniform value of current + - [[B.]] A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave current generator + - [[C.]] A wire is modeled as a single sine-wave voltage source + - [[D.]] A wire is modeled as a series of segments, each having a distinct value of voltage across it +- [[E9B11]] (C) +What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below 10 segments per half-wavelength? #card + - [[A.]] Ground conductivity will not be accurately modeled + - [[B.]] The resulting design will favor radiation of harmonic energy + - [[C.]] The computed feed point impedance may be incorrect + - [[D.]] The antenna will become mechanically unstable diff --git a/pages/E9C.md b/pages/E9C.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0a71d75 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9C.md @@ -0,0 +1,86 @@ +E9C Practical wire antennas; folded dipoles; phased arrays; effects of ground near antennas + +- [[E9C01]] (D) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Omni-directional + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight oriented along the axis of the array +- [[E9C02]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] Omni-directional +- [[E9C03]] (C) +What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase? #card + - [[A.]] Omni-directional + - [[B.]] Cardioid + - [[C.]] A figure-eight broadside to the axis of the array + - [[D.]] A figure-eight end-fire along the axis of the array +- [[E9C04]] (B) +What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased? #card + - [[A.]] Fewer lobes form with the major lobes increasing closer to broadside to the wire + - [[B.]] Additional lobes form with major lobes increasingly aligned with the axis of the antenna + - [[C.]] The elevation angle increases, and the front-to-rear ratio decreases + - [[D.]] The elevation angle increases, while the front-to-rear ratio is unaffected +- [[E9C05]] (A) +What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint? #card + - [[A.]] To create a similar feed point impedance on multiple bands + - [[B.]] To suppress off-center lobes at higher frequencies + - [[C.]] To resonate the antenna across a wider range of frequencies + - [[D.]] To reduce common-mode current coupling on the feed line shield +- [[E9C06]] (B) +What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It reflects the standing waves on the antenna elements back to the transmitter + - [[B.]] It changes the radiation pattern from bidirectional to unidirectional + - [[C.]] It changes the radiation pattern from horizontal to vertical polarization + - [[D.]] It decreases the ground loss +- [[E9C07]] (A) +What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna? #card + - [[A.]] 300 ohms + - [[B.]] 72 ohms + - [[C.]] 50 ohms + - [[D.]] 450 ohms +- [[E9C08]] (C) +What is a folded dipole antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A dipole one-quarter wavelength long + - [[B.]] A center-fed dipole with the ends folded down 90 degrees at the midpoint of each side + - [[C.]] A half-wave dipole with an additional parallel wire connecting its two ends + - [[D.]] A dipole configured to provide forward gain +- [[E9C09]] (A) +Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A wire antenna center-fed through a specific length of open-wire line connected to a balun and coaxial feed line + - [[B.]] A multi-band trap antenna + - [[C.]] A phased array antenna consisting of multiple loops + - [[D.]] A wide band dipole using shorted coaxial cable for the radiating elements and fed with a 4:1 balun +- [[E9C10]] (B) +Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna? #card + - [[A.]] A horizontal array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines + - [[B.]] An end-fed half-wavelength dipole + - [[C.]] An omni-directional antenna commonly used for satellite communications + - [[D.]] A vertical array capable of quickly changing the direction of maximum radiation by changing phasing lines +- [[E9C11]] (D) +How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation at low angles decreases + - [[B.]] Additional lobes appear at higher elevation angles + - [[C.]] Separate elevation lobes will combine into a single lobe + - [[D.]] Radiation at low angles increases +- [[E9C12]] (C) +Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna? #card + - [[A.]] An end-fed full-wave dipole antenna + - [[B.]] A center-fed 1.5-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[C.]] A center-fed 1.25-wavelength dipole antenna + - [[D.]] An end-fed 2-wavelength dipole antenna +- [[E9C13]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground? #card + - [[A.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe increases + - [[B.]] The takeoff angle of the lowest elevation lobe decreases + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases +- [[E9C14]] (B) +How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground? #card + - [[A.]] The main lobe takeoff angle increases in the downhill direction + - [[B.]] The main lobe takeoff angle decreases in the downhill direction + - [[C.]] The horizontal beamwidth decreases in the downhill direction + - [[D.]] The horizontal beamwidth increases in the uphill direction diff --git a/pages/E9D.md b/pages/E9D.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..12af40e --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9D.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E9D Yagi antennas; parabolic reflectors; feed point impedance and loading of electrically short antennas; antenna Q; RF grounding + +- [[E9D01]] (D) +How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled? #card + - [[A.]] 2 dB + - [[B.]] 3 dB + - [[C.]] 4 dB + - [[D.]] 6 dB +- [[E9D02]] (C) +How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization? #card + - [[A.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[B.]] Stack two Yagis to form an array with the respective elements in parallel planes fed in phase + - [[C.]] Arrange two Yagis on the same axis and perpendicular to each other with the driven elements at the same point on the boom and fed 90 degrees out of phase + - [[D.]] Arrange two Yagis collinear to each other with the driven elements fed 180 degrees out of phase +- [[E9D03]] (A) +What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip? #card + - [[A.]] Near the center of the vertical radiator + - [[B.]] As low as possible on the vertical radiator + - [[C.]] At a voltage maximum + - [[D.]] At a voltage null +- [[E9D04]] (C) +Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance? #card + - [[A.]] To swamp out harmonics + - [[B.]] To lower the radiation angle + - [[C.]] To maximize efficiency + - [[D.]] To minimize the Q +- [[E9D05]] (D) +Approximately how long is a Yagi’s driven element? #card + - [[A.]] 234 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[B.]] 1005 divided by frequency in MHz + - [[C.]] 1/4 wavelength + - [[D.]] 1/2 wavelength +- [[E9D06]] (B) +What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It is increased + - [[B.]] It is decreased + - [[C.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at the feed point + - [[D.]] It is unchanged if the loading coil is located at a voltage maximum point +- [[E9D07]] (D) +What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Lower Q + - [[B.]] Greater structural strength + - [[C.]] Higher losses + - [[D.]] Improved radiation efficiency +- [[E9D08]] (B) +What happens as the Q of an antenna increases? #card + - [[A.]] SWR bandwidth increases + - [[B.]] SWR bandwidth decreases + - [[C.]] Gain is reduced + - [[D.]] More common-mode current is present on the feed line +- [[E9D09]] (D) +What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna? #card + - [[A.]] To increase the SWR bandwidth by increasing net reactance + - [[B.]] To lower the losses + - [[C.]] To lower the Q + - [[D.]] To resonate the antenna by cancelling the capacitive reactance +- [[E9D10]] (B) +How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Radiation resistance increases + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance decreases + - [[C.]] Radiation resistance becomes imaginary + - [[D.]] Radiation resistance does not depend on frequency +- [[E9D11]] (D) +Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director? #card + - [[A.]] Lower SWR + - [[B.]] Higher receiving directivity factor + - [[C.]] Greater front-to-side + - [[D.]] Higher gain +- [[E9D12]] (C) +What is the purpose of making a Yagi’s parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance? #card + - [[A.]] Wind torque cancellation + - [[B.]] Mechanical balance + - [[C.]] Control of phase shift + - [[D.]] Minimize losses diff --git a/pages/E9E.md b/pages/E9E.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..8ed62bf --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9E.md @@ -0,0 +1,65 @@ +E9E Impedance matching: matching antennas to feed lines; phasing lines; power dividers + +- [[E9E01]] (B) +Which matching system for Yagi antennas requires the driven element to be insulated from the boom? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma + - [[B.]] Beta or hairpin + - [[C.]] Shunt-fed + - [[D.]] T-match +- [[E9E02]] (A) +What antenna matching system matches coaxial cable to an antenna by connecting the shield to the center of the antenna and the conductor a fraction of a wavelength to one side? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma match + - [[B.]] Delta match + - [[C.]] T-match + - [[D.]] Stub match +- [[E9E03]] (D) +What matching system uses a short length of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point? #card + - [[A.]] Gamma match + - [[B.]] Delta match + - [[C.]] T-match + - [[D.]] Stub match +- [[E9E04]] (B) +What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma match? #card + - [[A.]] To provide DC isolation between the feed line and the antenna + - [[B.]] To cancel unwanted inductive reactance + - [[C.]] To provide a rejection notch that prevents the radiation of harmonics + - [[D.]] To transform the antenna impedance to a higher value +- [[E9E05]] (A) +What Yagi driven element feed point impedance is required to use a beta or hairpin matching system? #card + - [[A.]] Capacitive (driven element electrically shorter than 1/2 wavelength) + - [[B.]] Inductive (driven element electrically longer than 1/2 wavelength) + - [[C.]] Purely resistive + - [[D.]] Purely reactive +- [[E9E06]] (C) +Which of these transmission line impedances would be suitable for constructing a quarter-wave Q-section for matching a 100-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] 50 ohms + - [[B.]] 62 ohms + - [[C.]] 75 ohms + - [[D.]] 90 ohms +- [[E9E07]] (B) +What parameter describes the interaction of a load and transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] Characteristic impedance + - [[B.]] Reflection coefficient + - [[C.]] Velocity factor + - [[D.]] Dielectric constant +- [[E9E08]] (C) +What is a use for a Wilkinson divider? #card + - [[A.]] To divide the operating frequency of a transmitter signal so it can be used on a lower frequency band + - [[B.]] To feed high-impedance antennas from a low-impedance source + - [[C.]] To divide power equally between two 50-ohm loads while maintaining 50-ohm input impedance + - [[D.]] To divide the frequency of the input to a counter to increase its frequency range +- [[E9E09]] (C) +Which of the following is used to shunt feed a grounded tower at its base? #card + - [[A.]] Double-bazooka match + - [[B.]] Beta or hairpin match + - [[C.]] Gamma match + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9E10]] Question Deleted (section not renumbered) +~~ + +- [[E9E11]] (A) +What is the purpose of using multiple driven elements connected through phasing lines? #card + - [[A.]] To control the antenna’s radiation pattern + - [[B.]] To prevent harmonic radiation from the transmitter + - [[C.]] To allow single-band antennas to operate on other bands + - [[D.]] To create a low-angle radiation pattern diff --git a/pages/E9F.md b/pages/E9F.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1182a1f --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9F.md @@ -0,0 +1,74 @@ +E9F Transmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines; coax versus open wire; velocity factor; electrical length; coaxial cable dielectrics; microstrip + +- [[E9F01]] (D) +What is the velocity factor of a transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] The ratio of its characteristic impedance to its termination impedance + - [[B.]] The ratio of its termination impedance to its characteristic impedance + - [[C.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line multiplied by the velocity of light in a vacuum + - [[D.]] The velocity of a wave in the transmission line divided by the velocity of light in a vacuum +- [[E9F02]] (C) +Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line? #card + - [[A.]] The characteristic impedance + - [[B.]] The transmission line length + - [[C.]] The insulating dielectric material + - [[D.]] The center conductor resistivity +- [[E9F03]] (D) +Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length? #card + - [[A.]] Skin effect is less pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[B.]] Skin effect is more pronounced in the coaxial cable + - [[C.]] Electromagnetic waves move faster in coaxial cable than in air + - [[D.]] Electromagnetic waves move more slowly in a coaxial cable than in air +- [[E9F04]] (B) +What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[D.]] The same as the output impedance of the RF generator +- [[E9F05]] (D) +What is microstrip? #card + - [[A.]] Special shielding material designed for microwave frequencies + - [[B.]] Miniature coax used for low power applications + - [[C.]] Short lengths of coax mounted on printed circuit boards to minimize time delay between microwave circuits + - [[D.]] Precision printed circuit conductors above a ground plane that provide constant impedance interconnects at microwave frequencies +- [[E9F06]] (C) +What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz? #card + - [[A.]] 7.0 meters + - [[B.]] 8.5 meters + - [[C.]] 10.6 meters + - [[D.]] 13.3 meters +- [[E9F07]] (A) +How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric? #card + - [[A.]] Lower loss + - [[B.]] Higher SWR + - [[C.]] Smaller reflection coefficient + - [[D.]] Lower velocity factor +- [[E9F08]] (D) +Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same? #card + - [[A.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower safe maximum operating voltage + - [[B.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has lower loss per unit of length + - [[C.]] Foam dielectric coaxial cable has higher velocity factor + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9F09]] (A) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] Very high impedance + - [[B.]] Very low impedance + - [[C.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the transmission line + - [[D.]] The same as the generator output impedance +- [[E9F10]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[B.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[C.]] An inductive reactance + - [[D.]] Zero +- [[E9F11]] (C) +What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] An inductive reactance + - [[C.]] A capacitive reactance + - [[D.]] Infinite +- [[E9F12]] (D) +What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? #card + - [[A.]] The same as the characteristic impedance of the line + - [[B.]] The same as the input impedance to the generator + - [[C.]] Very high impedance + - [[D.]] Very low impedance diff --git a/pages/E9G.md b/pages/E9G.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..820b54c --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9G.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E9G The Smith chart + +- [[E9G01]] (A) +Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Impedance along transmission lines + - [[B.]] Radiation resistance + - [[C.]] Antenna radiation pattern + - [[D.]] Radio propagation +- [[E9G02]] (B) +What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Voltage circles and current arcs + - [[B.]] Resistance circles and reactance arcs + - [[C.]] Voltage chords and current chords + - [[D.]] Resistance lines and reactance chords +- [[E9G03]] (C) +Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Beam headings and radiation patterns + - [[B.]] Satellite azimuth and elevation bearings + - [[C.]] Impedance and SWR values in transmission lines + - [[D.]] Point-to-point propagation reliability as a function of frequency +- [[E9G04]] (C) +What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Inductance and capacitance + - [[B.]] Reactance and voltage + - [[C.]] Resistance and reactance + - [[D.]] Voltage and impedance +- [[E9G05]] (A) +Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart? #card + - [[A.]] Determine the length and position of an impedance matching stub + - [[B.]] Determine the impedance of a transmission line, given the physical dimensions + - [[C.]] Determine the gain of an antenna given the physical and electrical parameters + - [[D.]] Determine the loss/100 feet of a transmission line, given the velocity factor and conductor materials +- [[E9G06]] (B) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the name for the large outer circle on which the reactance arcs terminate? #card + - [[A.]] Prime axis + - [[B.]] Reactance axis + - [[C.]] Impedance axis + - [[D.]] Polar axis +- [[E9G07]] (D) +On the Smith chart shown in Figure E9-3, what is the only straight line shown? #card + - [[A.]] The reactance axis + - [[B.]] The current axis + - [[C.]] The voltage axis + - [[D.]] The resistance axis +- [[E9G08]] (C) +How is a Smith chart normalized? #card + - [[A.]] Reassign the reactance axis with resistance values + - [[B.]] Reassign the resistance axis with reactance values + - [[C.]] Reassign the prime center’s impedance value + - [[D.]] Reassign the prime center to the reactance axis +- [[E9G09]] (A) +What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks? #card + - [[A.]] Constant-SWR circles + - [[B.]] Transmission line length circles + - [[C.]] Coaxial-length circles + - [[D.]] Radiation-pattern circles +- [[E9G10]] (D) +What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent? #card + - [[A.]] Frequency + - [[B.]] SWR + - [[C.]] Points with constant resistance + - [[D.]] Points with constant reactance +- [[E9G11]] (B) +In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated? #card + - [[A.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical frequency + - [[B.]] In fractions of transmission line electrical wavelength + - [[C.]] In fractions of antenna electrical wavelength + - [[D.]] In fractions of antenna electrical frequency diff --git a/pages/E9H.md b/pages/E9H.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cc16e69 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/E9H.md @@ -0,0 +1,68 @@ +E9H Receiving antennas: radio direction finding (RDF) techniques; Beverage antennas; single- and multiple-turn loops + +- [[E9H01]] (D) +When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency? #card + - [[A.]] Its overall length must not exceed 1/4 wavelength + - [[B.]] It must be mounted more than 1 wavelength above ground + - [[C.]] It should be configured as a four-sided loop + - [[D.]] It should be at least one wavelength long +- [[E9H02]] (A) +Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas? #card + - [[A.]] Atmospheric noise is so high that directivity is much more important than losses + - [[B.]] They must be erected at least 1/2 wavelength above the ground to attain good directivity + - [[C.]] Low loss coax transmission line is essential for good performance + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9H03]] (D) +What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)? #card + - [[A.]] Forward gain compared to the gain in the reverse direction + - [[B.]] Relative directivity compared to isotropic + - [[C.]] Relative directivity compared to a dipole + - [[D.]] Peak antenna gain compared to average gain over the hemisphere around and above the antenna +- [[E9H04]] (B) +What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It adds capacitive loading, increasing the bandwidth of the antenna + - [[B.]] It eliminates unbalanced capacitive coupling to the antenna’s surroundings, improving the depth of its nulls + - [[C.]] It eliminates tracking errors caused by strong out-of-band signals + - [[D.]] It increases signal strength by providing a better match to the feed line +- [[E9H05]] (A) +What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding? #card + - [[A.]] It has a bidirectional null pattern + - [[B.]] It does not have a clearly defined null + - [[C.]] It is practical for use only on VHF and higher bands + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9H06]] (D) +What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Maximum feed point DC resistance at the center of the desired frequency range + - [[B.]] Minimum low-angle front-to-back ratio at the design frequency + - [[C.]] Maximum DC current in the terminating resistor + - [[D.]] Minimum variation in SWR over the desired frequency range +- [[E9H07]] (B) +What is the function of a Beverage antenna’s termination resistor? #card + - [[A.]] Increase the front-to-side ratio + - [[B.]] Absorb signals from the reverse direction + - [[C.]] Decrease SWR bandwidth + - [[D.]] Eliminate harmonic reception +- [[E9H08]] (A) +What is the function of a sense antenna? #card + - [[A.]] It modifies the pattern of a DF antenna to provide a null in only one direction + - [[B.]] It increases the sensitivity of a DF antenna array + - [[C.]] It allows DF antennas to receive signals at different vertical angles + - [[D.]] It provides diversity reception that cancels multipath signals +- [[E9H09]] (A) +What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna? #card + - [[A.]] Cardioid + - [[B.]] Bidirectional + - [[C.]] Omnidirectional + - [[D.]] Hyperbolic +- [[E9H10]] (C) +How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased? #card + - [[A.]] By reducing the permeability of the loop shield + - [[B.]] By utilizing high impedance wire for the coupling loop + - [[C.]] By increasing the number of turns and/or the area enclosed by the loop + - [[D.]] All these choices are correct +- [[E9H11]] (B) +What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas? #card + - [[A.]] A very sharp peak + - [[B.]] A single null + - [[C.]] Broadband response + - [[D.]] High radiation angle diff --git a/pages/Extra Syllabus.md b/pages/Extra Syllabus.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..289d9c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/Extra Syllabus.md @@ -0,0 +1,88 @@ +- [[SUBELEMENT E1]] - COMMISSION RULES [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups] 68 Questions + - [[E1A]] Frequency privileges; signal frequency range; automatic message forwarding; stations aboard ships or aircraft; power restriction on 630- and 2200-meter bands + - [[E1B]] Station restrictions and special operations: restrictions on station location; general operating + restrictions; spurious emissions; antenna structure restrictions; RACES operations + - [[E1C]] Automatic and remote control; band-specific regulations; operating in and communicating with + foreign countries; spurious emission standards; HF modulation index limit; band-specific rules + - [[E1D]] Amateur Space and Earth stations; telemetry and telecommand rules; identification of balloon + transmissions; one-way communications + - [[E1E]] Volunteer examiner program: definitions; qualifications; preparation and administration of exams; reimbursement; accreditation; question pools; documentation requirements + - [[E1F]] Miscellaneous rules: external RF power amplifiers; prohibited communications; spread spectrum; + auxiliary stations; Canadian amateurs operating in the US; special temporary authority +- [[SUBELEMENT E2]] - OPERATING PROCEDURES [5 Exam Questions - 5 Groups] 61 Questions + - [[E2A]] Amateur radio in space: amateur satellites; orbital mechanics; frequencies and modes; satellite + hardware; satellite operations + - [[E2B]] Television practices: fast-scan television standards and techniques; slow scan television standards and techniques + - [[E2C]] Contest and DX operating; remote operation techniques; log data format; contact confirmation; RF + network systems + - [[E2D]] Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for VHF and UHF; APRS; EME procedures; meteor + scatter procedures + - [[E2E]] Operating methods: digital modes and procedures for HF +- [[SUBELEMENT E3]] - RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION [3 Exam Questions - 3 Groups] 39 Questions + - [[E3A]] Electromagnetic Waves and Specialized Propagation: Earth-Moon-Earth (EME) communications; + meteor scatter; microwave tropospheric and scatter propagation; auroral propagation; daily variation of + ionospheric propagation; circular polarization + - [[E3B]] Transequatorial propagation; long-path propagation; ordinary and extraordinary waves; chordal + hop; sporadic-E mechanisms; ground-wave propagation + - [[E3C]] Propagation prediction and reporting: radio horizon; effects of space-weather phenomena +- [[SUBELEMENT E4]] - AMATEUR PRACTICES [5 Exam Questions - 5 Groups] 64 Questions + - [[E4A]] Test equipment: analog and digital instruments; spectrum analyzers; antenna analyzers; + oscilloscopes; RF measurements + - [[E4B]] Measurement technique and limitations: instrument accuracy and performance limitations; probes; + techniques to minimize errors; measurement of Q; instrument calibration; S parameters; vector network + analyzers; RF signals + - [[E4C]] Receiver performance: phase noise, noise floor, image rejection, minimum detectable signal (MDS), increasing signal-to-noise ratio and dynamic range, noise figure, reciprocal mixing; selectivity; SDR non-linearity; use of attenuators at low frequencies + - [[E4D]] Receiver performance characteristics: dynamic range; intermodulation and cross-modulation + interference; third-order intercept; desensitization; preselector; sensitivity; link margin + - [[E4E]] Noise and interference: external RF interference; electrical and computer noise; line noise; DSP + filtering and noise reduction; common-mode current; surge protectors; single point ground panel +- [[SUBELEMENT E5]] - ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] 49 Questions + - [[E5A]] Resonance and Q: characteristics of resonant circuits; series and parallel resonance; definitions and effects of Q; half-power bandwidth + - [[E5B]] Time constants and phase relationships: RL and RC time constants; phase angle in reactive circuits and components; admittance and susceptance + - [[E5C]] Coordinate systems and phasors in electronics: rectangular coordinates; polar coordinates; phasors; logarithmic axes + - [[E5D]] RF effects in components and circuits: skin effect; real and reactive power; electrical length of + conductors +- [[SUBELEMENT E6]] - CIRCUIT COMPONENTS [6 Exam Questions - 6 Groups] 69 Questions + - [[E6A]] Semiconductor materials and devices: semiconductor materials; bipolar junction transistors; + operation and types of field-effect transistors + - [[E6B]] Diodes + - [[E6C]] Digital ICs: families of digital ICs; gates; programmable logic devices + - [[E6D]] Inductors and piezoelectricity: permeability, core material and configuration; transformers; + piezoelectric devices + - [[E6E]] Semiconductor materials and packages for RF use + - [[E6F]] Electro-optical technology: photoconductivity; photovoltaic devices; optical sensors and encoders; optically isolated switching +- [[SUBELEMENT E7]] - PRACTICAL CIRCUITS [8 Exam Questions - 8 Groups] 99 Questions + - [[E7A]] Digital circuits: digital circuit principles and logic circuits; classes of logic elements; positive and + negative logic; frequency dividers; truth tables + - [[E7B]] Amplifiers: class of operation; vacuum tube and solid-state circuits; distortion and intermodulation; + spurious and parasitic suppression; switching-type amplifiers + - [[E7C]] Filters and matching networks: types of networks; types of filters; filter applications; filter + characteristics; impedance matching + - [[E7D]] Power supplies and voltage regulators; solar array charge controllers + - [[E7E]] Modulation and demodulation: reactance, phase, and balanced modulators; detectors; mixers + - [[E7F]] Software defined radio fundamentals: digital signal processing (DSP) filtering, modulation, and + demodulation; analog-digital conversion; digital filters + - [[E7G]] Operational amplifiers: characteristics and applications + - [[E7H]] Oscillators and signal sources: types of oscillators; synthesizers and phase-locked loops; direct + digital synthesizers; stabilizing thermal drift; microphonics; high-accuracy oscillators +- [[SUBELEMENT E8]] - SIGNALS AND EMISSIONS [4 Exam Questions - 4 Groups] 48 Questions + - [[E8A]] Fourier analysis; RMS measurements; average RF power and peak envelope power (PEP); + analog/digital conversion + - [[E8B]] Modulation and demodulation: modulation methods; modulation index and deviation ratio; + frequency- and time-division multiplexing; orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) + - [[E8C]] Digital signals: digital communication modes; information rate vs. bandwidth; error correction; + constellation diagrams + - [[E8D]] Keying defects and overmodulation of digital signals; digital codes; spread spectrum +- [[SUBELEMENT E9]] - ANTENNAS AND TRANSMISSION LINES [8 Exam Questions - 8 Groups] 94 Questions + - [[E9A]] Basic antenna parameters: radiation resistance, gain, beamwidth, efficiency; effective radiated + power (ERP) and effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) + - [[E9B]] Antenna patterns and designs: azimuth and elevation patterns; gain as a function of pattern; + antenna modeling + - [[E9C]] Practical wire antennas; folded dipoles; phased arrays; effects of ground near antennas + - [[E9D]] Yagi antennas; parabolic reflectors; feed point impedance and loading of electrically short antennas; + antenna Q; RF grounding + - [[E9E]] Impedance matching: matching antennas to feed lines; phasing lines; power dividers + - [[E9F]] Transmission lines: characteristics of open and shorted feed lines; coax versus open wire; velocity factor; electrical length; coaxial cable dielectrics; microstrip + - [[E9G]] The Smith chart + - [[E9H]] Receiving antennas: radio direction finding (RDF) techniques; Beverage antennas; single- and + multiple-turn loops \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/pages/contents.md b/pages/contents.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..47a5380 --- /dev/null +++ b/pages/contents.md @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +- [[About]] +- [[Extra Syllabus]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E1]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E2]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E3]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E4]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E5]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E6]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E7]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E8]] + - [[SUBELEMENT E9]] +- [[Diagrams]] + - [[E5-1]] + - [[E6-1]] + - [[E6-2]] + - [[E6-3]] + - [[E7-1]] + - [[E7-2]] \ No newline at end of file